{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "copenhagen-cloudburst-plan",
  "title": "Copenhagen's Cloudburst Management Plan",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-cloudburst-plan/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-22-evidence-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-22T21:00:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-23",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 4 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:967afa1595080d9e44af38382a7eb79c459b60d7cefb475f12c0239261372f90",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-23",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:0148cd02d67717cb45ee940670ec95fcc798fe1231175f8e01a9bd7dd1a71169",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "construction",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2011,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "HOFOR & City of Copenhagen",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility",
      "city-government"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": "HOFOR (water/wastewater charges) and City of Copenhagen",
     "cost": "DKK 20 billion (operator figure; other sources cite lower totals, likely for narrower scope/years)",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-b75371dbe7b29653",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a catastrophic July 2011 cloudburst",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-c366c47f6f140a62"
      ],
      "supportNote": "NPR dates the storm precisely: \"For Copenhagen, that storm hit on July 2, 2011.\" It quotes a Danish Meteorological Institute researcher — \"It was over 100 millimeters of rain in a couple of hours\" — and reports that \"Sewers overflowed, and the streets filled with raw sewage, causing more than $1 billion in damage to property.\"",
      "caveat": "HOFOR's own page dates the event only to 2011, without naming the month, and calls it \"a so-called 1,000-year rainfall event\". The damage figure is the reporter's, given without a named source.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-8743b8bfb9fcd9a6",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Copenhagen and utility HOFOR adopted a DKK 20 billion, 20-year Cloudburst Management Plan",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-34b478c60610858a"
      ],
      "supportNote": "HOFOR, the utility that runs the sewer network, writes: \"the City of Copenhagen and HOFOR agreed on a DKK 20 billion Cloudburst Management Plan with a 20-year timeframe to make Greater Copenhagen more resilient to cloudbursts in particular and heavier rainfall in general.\" NPR describes the same plan — the same 300 projects over the same two decades — as \"a $1.3 billion public works project\", which is roughly half of what DKK 20 billion converts to. The two figures cannot both describe the same total.",
      "caveat": "HOFOR's page does not say when the plan was adopted; NPR places it \"Just a year after the flood\", that is in 2012.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-8358c3fe97dae2ea",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The programme spans 300+ projects",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-34b478c60610858a",
       "src-c366c47f6f140a62"
      ],
      "supportNote": "HOFOR: \"The plan revolves around no fewer than 300 projects of varying size and complexity\". NPR gives the same order of magnitude: the plan is \"to complete 300 flood-mitigation projects over two decades\".",
      "caveat": "Neither source says how many of the projects are finished. HOFOR names three completed retention parks and NPR reported in June 2025 that the first large tunnel was still under construction, so the count describes the plan, not the built result.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-ad4f49590f816343",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "retention parks",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-34b478c60610858a"
      ],
      "supportNote": "HOFOR lists retention parks as a built element of the programme: \"Water retention parks have been completed at Sankt Kjelds Kvarter, Sankt Annæ Plads and Valbyparken, with many more on their way, as existing parks are being reshaped to receive large volumes of water during cloudbursts.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-a122a6783cddc61c",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "cloudburst streets",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-01a941254fcec0ad",
       "src-c21227d40e886412"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The Danish adaptation portal names one of the three spaces rebuilt in the climate neighbourhood as \"Bryggervangen (a street)\". The designer's case study describes that rebuilt corridor — a plan drawing \"stretching 700 meter in total\" — as a place where \"A network of green rainwater beds enables the urban spaces to handle even the most intense cloudbursts\" and rainwater \"is instead dealt with locally\" rather than sent to the sewers.",
      "caveat": "No listed source uses the term \"cloudburst street\" or says how many streets in the programme have been rebuilt this way. The evidence is a single 700-metre corridor in one neighbourhood.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-2d49bd682c63a3ef",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "underground tunnels",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-34b478c60610858a",
       "src-c366c47f6f140a62"
      ],
      "supportNote": "HOFOR describes the programme as reaching \"to excavating four giant, metro-sized storm-water tunnels under the city\". NPR visited one of them under construction in 2025, the Kalvebod Brygge Cloudburst Tunnel, \"nearly a mile long and 10 feet in diameter\", able to \"hold 10,000 cubic meters of water\", after which pumps \"can simply suck out this water into the harbor\".",
      "caveat": "The two sources do not agree on how many tunnels the programme contains: HOFOR's page describes four, while NPR reported in 2025 that Kalvebod Brygge is \"one of seven new tunnels dug under Copenhagen\".",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-bdc517d9310441fb",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "including Sankt Kjelds Kvarter",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-34b478c60610858a",
       "src-01a941254fcec0ad"
      ],
      "supportNote": "HOFOR names the district among the completed works: \"Water retention parks have been completed at Sankt Kjelds Kvarter\". The Danish adaptation portal describes how \"The City of Copenhagen, the utilities company HOFOR and Områdefornyelsen Skt. Kjelds Kvarter (local urban renewal organisation) joined forces\" in the climate neighbourhood project, launched in 2012, which selected three urban spaces there for climate adaptation.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-57cc792a8614d3cd",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "where about 30% of local rainfall no longer reaches the sewers",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-01a941254fcec0ad"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The Danish adaptation portal writes, in the section describing the technical installation at Tåsinge Plads: \"As much as 30 percent of the water that falls in the neighbourhood now no longer runs into the sewers, and it is no longer necessary to dig new sewers in the area.\"",
      "caveat": "The source gives this as a ceiling — \"as much as\" 30 percent — and credits it to one square, Tåsinge Plads, whose managed catchment the same paragraph puts at 4,300 square metres, \"the size of half a soccer field\". No measurement, period or method is given for the figure.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-db7700a7a6e1a8fa",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "In Sankt Kjelds Kvarter",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-01a941254fcec0ad"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The portal locates the work in this district: the climate neighbourhood project, launched in 2012, selected \"Tåsinge Plads, Skt. Kjelds Plads (also a square) and Bryggervangen (a street)\" in Østerbro, and \"The Skt. Kjelds district was designated by the City of Copenhagen as a special area of action for developing methods and technologies for climate-proofing Copenhagen.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-11a45b0547d74c55",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "about 30% of local rainfall no longer reaches the sewers",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-01a941254fcec0ad"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The Danish adaptation portal states: \"As much as 30 percent of the water that falls in the neighbourhood now no longer runs into the sewers, and it is no longer necessary to dig new sewers in the area.\" The sentence sits in the section about the installation at Tåsinge Plads.",
      "caveat": "The source gives this as a ceiling — \"as much as\" 30 percent — and credits it to one square, Tåsinge Plads, whose managed catchment the same paragraph puts at 4,300 square metres, \"the size of half a soccer field\". It is the project's own account, not an independent measurement.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-34b478c60610858a",
      "title": "HOFOR — Waste water and climate change adaptation",
      "url": "https://www.hofor.dk/english/hofor-utilities/waste-water-and-climate-change-adaptation/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "hofor.dk",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-8743b8bfb9fcd9a6",
       "clm-8358c3fe97dae2ea",
       "clm-ad4f49590f816343",
       "clm-2d49bd682c63a3ef",
       "clm-bdc517d9310441fb"
      ],
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       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator page: DKK 20bn budget, 20-year timeframe, 300+ projects, four tunnels.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-01a941254fcec0ad",
      "title": "Danish Climate Adaptation portal — Tåsinge Plads case study",
      "url": "https://eng.klimatilpasning.dk/examples-of-climate-adaptation/the-capital-region-of-denmark/green-rainwater-solution-creates-a-new-beautiful-urban-space-in-copenhagen",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "eng.klimatilpasning.dk",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-a122a6783cddc61c",
       "clm-bdc517d9310441fb",
       "clm-57cc792a8614d3cd",
       "clm-db7700a7a6e1a8fa",
       "clm-11a45b0547d74c55"
      ],
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       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Government portal: ~30% of local stormwater managed, opened Dec 2014.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-c21227d40e886412",
      "title": "SLA — Sankt Kjeld's Square and Bryggervangen",
      "url": "https://www.sla.dk/cases/sankt-kjelds-square-and-bryggervangen/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "sla.dk",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-a122a6783cddc61c"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-04-27",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Project designer's case study, neighbourhood-wide figures.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-c366c47f6f140a62",
      "title": "NPR/NEPM — Copenhagen is adapting to a warmer world (2025)",
      "url": "https://www.nepm.org/2025-06-13/copenhagen-is-adapting-to-a-warmer-world-with-rain-tunnels-and-sponge-parks",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "nepm.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-b75371dbe7b29653",
       "clm-8358c3fe97dae2ea",
       "clm-2d49bd682c63a3ef"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-06-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-22",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "2025 currency check: Kalvebod Brygge cloudburst tunnel nearly complete.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 10,
     "claimsMapped": 10,
     "sourcesTotal": 4,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 2,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}