{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "copenhagen-city-data-exchange",
  "title": "City Data Exchange",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-city-data-exchange/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-23-evidence-baseline",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-23-evidence-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-23T00:01:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-23",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 9 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:b8d9f07dd338d34ba17b67e6568172c5e7390d935dd907e29ce83a839c6c74ff",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-23",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:a503d524502163c9a4e1c35fd3f5994b887ef3a2455ab0f4803051dbe201a0c2",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "completed",
     "outcome": "failed",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2016,
      "ended": 2018
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "City of Copenhagen, Capital Region of Denmark & Hitachi Consulting",
     "actorTypes": [
      "city-government",
      "regional-government",
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "mixed",
     "fundingDescription": "City of Copenhagen and Capital Region of Denmark financed the platform; Hitachi Consulting invested as the winning tender partner.",
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-8e87be9d94efec4d",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Copenhagen, the Capital Region of Denmark and Hitachi Consulting ran the City Data Exchange",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-21cca233bce14699",
       "src-a5386648158c08c6"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Copenhagen Solutions Lab, the city unit that coordinated the project, calls the City Data Exchange \"a private/public collaboration between the Municipality of Copenhagen, The Capital Region of Denmark, and Hitachi\", and adds that \"Hitachi Consulting won the tender and invested, and worked with the Municipality of Copenhagen, and the Capital Region of Denmark to establish an organization and a technical platform.\" Invest in Denmark names the same three parties and states that \"The City of Copenhagen and the Capital Region of Denmark are financing the project.\"",
      "caveat": "The partnership was wider than the three parties named here: Invest in Denmark also lists the Danish cleantech organisation CLEAN and \"a consortium of partners\".",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-50574426641f493e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a marketplace to buy, sell and share",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-21cca233bce14699",
       "src-a5386648158c08c6"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator page says the project \"examined purchasing, selling, and sharing a broad range of data types between all kinds of users in a city\". Invest in Denmark quotes CDE Copenhagen Director Peter Bjørn Larsen: \"The City Data Exchange is a market place where you can buy and sell data (some will also be free of charge).\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-bba0145534ec7f30",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "anonymised public and private urban data",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "Cities Today writes that \"The platform facilitated the exchange of public and private data, including options for buying and selling\", and that \"Although data was aggregated and anonymised, privacy, public perception and competitive considerations also made providers hesitant.\" Invest in Denmark describes the exchange as \"providing both public and private data from the metropole\".",
      "caveat": "Anonymisation is described only in passing, and in a retrospective written years after the platform closed; neither source sets out what was anonymised or how.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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     {
      "id": "clm-6da980769adb49a2",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "traffic, weather and energy use",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-a5386648158c08c6"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Invest in Denmark says the data \"will enable new knowledge about e.g. traffic patterns and citizens' energy consumption\", that the team \"has already found 65 sources of open data on Copenhagen - everything from demographics to weather and crime statistics\", and that combining these enables analytics \"to improve areas such as green infrastructure planning, traffic management and energy usage\".",
      "caveat": "The source names traffic, weather and energy. Parking is named by none of the entry's sources.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-09da4a44689f48ab",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "launched May 2016",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-21cca233bce14699",
       "src-a5386648158c08c6"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator page dates the public opening: \"Since May 2015, and especially after the launch at the Town Hall in May 2016, the CDE team has gathered a lot of knowledge.\" Invest in Denmark's article, itself dated 24 May 2016, reports that \"In partnership with Hitachi, Copenhagen has launched the world's first marketplace for city data.\"",
      "caveat": "May 2016 is the public launch, not the start of the work: the same operator page dates the decision to invest to 2013, the tender to 2015, and Hitachi Consulting's start on the platform to May 2015.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-99931a5503e3b37f",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The pilot",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-21cca233bce14699"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator's own retrospective uses the same word: \"The City Data Exchange was a pilot project and ended in 2018.\"",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-26a7a31638007c76",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "struggled to attract enough data providers and buyers",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-4d022a67a161de55",
       "src-65a7a9e87b90d171",
       "src-11af8b6801c4305f"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Cities Today carries the struggle in the words of the city's former Smart City Program Director, but speaks of \"data providers and users\" rather than paying buyers. The Greater Manchester case study carries the narrower half: \"CDE failed to reach the critical mass of datasets and data purchasers needed to make the model sustainable\", and counts 25 datasets sold priced against 134 published openly. Leigh Dodds counted the supply side in the platform's first week: \"As of today 21st May there are 56 datasets on the site. All of them are free.\"",
      "caveat": "The source says \"users\", not \"buyers\", and reports no figure for how many of them paid for data.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-9b0944546c01696c",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "partners closed it in 2018",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-21cca233bce14699",
       "src-4d022a67a161de55"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator page states that \"The City Data Exchange was a pilot project and ended in 2018.\" Cities Today, writing about the 2016 launch, adds: \"Two years later, the initiative was disbanded after the partners struggled to get enough data providers and users on the platform\".",
      "caveat": "Both sources give the year only. Neither records a closing date, a decision by the partners, or who announced it.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-c1ea956a184c96ce",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "citing weak financial sustainability",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-4d022a67a161de55"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Cities Today names failure to make the platform pay as one of the reasons for the shutdown: the initiative was disbanded after the partners struggled to get providers and users \"and to make it financially sustainable\". The article rests on an interview with Marius Sylvestersen, \"who until recently was Smart City Program Director for the City of Copenhagen\".",
      "caveat": "This is the trade press's account, published three years after the shutdown. No statement by the partners giving this reason is on record, and the operator's own retrospective gives no reason for the end at all.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-21cca233bce14699",
      "title": "Copenhagen Solutions Lab — City Data Exchange",
      "url": "https://cphsolutionslab.kk.dk/en/focus-areas/city-data-exchange",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "cphsolutionslab.kk.dk",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
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       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator retrospective: partners, May 2016 launch, ended 2018, project no longer active.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-4d022a67a161de55",
      "title": "Cities Today — Cities want more from their data, including money",
      "url": "https://cities-today.com/cities-want-more-from-their-data-including-money/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "cities-today.com",
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      },
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2021-09-15",
       "updatedAt": "2021-09-16",
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-23",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Independent trade press; on-record reasons for the 2018 shutdown from the former Smart City Program Director.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     {
      "id": "src-a5386648158c08c6",
      "title": "Invest in Denmark — World's first city data marketplace in Copenhagen as smart city driver",
      "url": "https://investindk.com/insights/worlds-first-city-data-marketplace-in-copenhagen-as-smart-city-driver",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "investindk.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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       "clm-bba0145534ec7f30",
       "clm-6da980769adb49a2",
       "clm-09da4a44689f48ab"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2016-05-24",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-23",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Confirms May 2016 launch, partner list including Capital Region and CLEAN.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-65a7a9e87b90d171",
      "title": "Greater Manchester Combined Authority — Case Study: Copenhagen City Data Exchange",
      "url": "https://www.greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk/media/3529/copenhagen-city-data-exchange.pdf",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "greatermanchester-ca.gov.uk",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "pdf",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-26a7a31638007c76"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-23",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Another public authority's four-page written case study, drawing on the exchange's own 2018 evaluation. The only readable document that puts numbers on the failure: 25 datasets were sold priced against 134 published openly, and the largest publisher by far was Hitachi Consulting itself. A secondary summary of the project's own evaluation, not an audit of it.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-11af8b6801c4305f",
      "title": "Leigh Dodds — First Impressions of Copenhagen's City Data Exchange",
      "url": "https://blog.ldodds.com/2016/05/21/first-impressions-of-copenhagens-city-data-exchange/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "blog.ldodds.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-26a7a31638007c76"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2016-05-21",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-23",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-23",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "An open-data practitioner's hands-on review in the platform's first week: 56 datasets, all of them free, most uploaded by Hitachi and copied from Copenhagen's own open-data portal. A personal expert blog rather than press or evaluation.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 9,
     "claimsMapped": 9,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 5,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}