{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "copenhagen-bycyklen-gps-bikeshare",
  "title": "Bycyklen: Tablet-and-GPS Bike-Share",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-bycyklen-gps-bikeshare/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-26-p1-quality-uplift",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-26-p1-quality-uplift",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-26T14:11:55Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-08-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 9 claims and 4 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:41ed241b9d3de3b653e879905be03935043693a7bcb2cf0be651aa8bcef8ecdb",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-08-26",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:d6d9acff3f85b071835529b2ee1521939831573ef80e1cf8dbd22d63a5b65da4",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "completed",
     "outcome": "failed",
     "evidenceGrade": "media",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2014,
      "ended": 2022
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Bikeshare Danmark (for the city)",
     "actorTypes": [
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": "Public subsidy (Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Rødovre municipalities plus national rail operator DSB) and user fees; an advertising-funded model was rejected early on.",
     "cost": "~17,000 DKK (~$2,800) per bike at deployment",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-4109f521a5c758da",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Every Bycyklen rental bike had a tablet built into the handlebars for login, payment, GPS navigation and route planning to nearby transit",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2013 report describes the onboard tablet on each bike and the functions it carried, at the point the system was introduced.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-4cd010df43c73a31",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "one of the first bike-share systems with onboard screens",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-e197cad91ce30e5b"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2013 coverage frames Copenhagen as pioneering the design; the entry keeps the softened form rather than claiming a first.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-ee14a71a51c20dd2",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The fleet grew to roughly 1,860 e-bikes, with rides rising from 169,000 (2015) to 933,000 (2016)",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2017 report on the system dodging failure carries the fleet size and the ride counts for those two years.",
      "caveat": "Figures reported in trade coverage of the operator's position in 2017; no independent audit of them was found for this entry.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-2f8b9eeeb6619a7e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "operator Bikeshare Danmark filed for bankruptcy on 9 December 2022 when Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Rødovre and national rail operator DSB withdrew subsidies",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fe6220722c564e01"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator's own notice, headed 'Bikeshare Danmark A/S indgiver konkursbegaering 9. december 2022', states that the operating grants had expired and that it had not been possible to get the municipalities and DSB to extend the subsidy agreement.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-f58721c540d509e4",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the service shut down completely and was never replaced",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fe6220722c564e01",
       "src-a708b84a36ae7b53"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The operator's notice describes the filing as the definitive end of the shared-bike project; the reference account of Copenhagen's successive city-bike schemes records no successor to it.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-417f0e90d276cd43",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "Rides rose from 169,000 (2015) to 933,000 (2016) across a fleet that reached about 1,860 e-bikes",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-c6e1134f6fd3508c"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2017 report carries both the ride growth between those years and the size the fleet reached.",
      "caveat": "Trade-press figures from 2017, reported at the point the system was said to have dodged failure; no independent audit of them was found for this entry.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-15ca476eb5c534e3",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "The operator's own notice says Bikeshare Danmark had turned a profit every year since a public foundation took the service over in 2017 - itself the aftermath of the founder's bankruptcy",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fe6220722c564e01"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Bikeshare har siden 2017 vaeret ejet af By- og Pendlercykel Fonden. (Etableret af Koebenhavns og Frederiksberg Kommuner), fordi den oprindelige ejer og stifter af Bycyklen gik konkurs' and 'Bikeshare har haft overskud alle aar siden fondens overtagelse.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-8f31ab61fa2cfaa1",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "filed for bankruptcy on 9 December 2022 when the operating grants ran out and neither the municipalities nor the national rail operator would renew them",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fe6220722c564e01"
      ],
      "supportNote": "Verbatim: 'Driftstilskuddene er nu udloebet, og det har ikke vaeret muligt at faa kommunerne og DSB til at forlaenge aftalen om driftstilskud.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-143060902d3c8b62",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "A bike with a computer on the handlebars has a cost floor that fares never reached: the subsidy was the business model, not a supplement to it",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-fe6220722c564e01",
       "src-e197cad91ce30e5b"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The two facts the operator's notice puts side by side make the point: surpluses in every year the grants ran, and insolvency in the year they stopped. The 2013 report establishes what each bike carried.",
      "caveat": "The entry's own reading of the operator's two statements; the notice does not draw this conclusion.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-e197cad91ce30e5b",
      "title": "IEEE Spectrum — Copenhagen Pioneers Smart Electric-Bike Sharing (2013)",
      "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/copenhagen-pioneers-smart-electricbike-sharing",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "spectrum.ieee.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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       "clm-143060902d3c8b62"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2013-12-17",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Launch plan, tablet/GPS features, funding split (independent tech press).",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-c6e1134f6fd3508c",
      "title": "IEEE Spectrum — Danish Electric Bike-Sharing Dodges Failure (2017)",
      "url": "https://spectrum.ieee.org/danish-electric-bikesharing-dodges-failure",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "spectrum.ieee.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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       "clm-417f0e90d276cd43"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2017-07-10",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Fleet size, ridership figures, 2017 bankruptcy/rescue (independent tech press).",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-fe6220722c564e01",
      "title": "Bycyklen — bankruptcy notice",
      "url": "https://bycyklen.dk/bikeshare-danmark-konkurs/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "bycyklen.dk",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
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       "clm-f58721c540d509e4",
       "clm-15ca476eb5c534e3",
       "clm-8f31ab61fa2cfaa1",
       "clm-143060902d3c8b62"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-06-05",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The operator's own notice: the bankruptcy filing, the foundation's takeover in 2017 after the founder's own bankruptcy, the years of surplus, and the expiry of the operating grants.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-a708b84a36ae7b53",
      "title": "Wikipedia — Copenhagen City Bikes",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_City_Bikes",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "en.wikipedia.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Background on the successive Copenhagen city-bike schemes. Continuously revised, so it states no publication date.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 9,
     "claimsMapped": 9,
     "sourcesTotal": 4,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 4,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}