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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
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  "id": "chicago-tarp-deep-tunnel",
  "title": "TARP: Chicago's Deep Tunnel & Reservoir System",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/chicago-tarp-deep-tunnel/"
 },
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     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
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     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 1975,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago (MWRD), a county-wide agency separate from the City of Chicago",
     "actorTypes": [
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     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": "MWRD, with federal cost-sharing through the US Army Corps of Engineers",
     "cost": "$3.861bn total programme cost (MWRD status report, 30 June 2026)",
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     "exitConditions": null
    },
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      "text": "a county agency, not the city",
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      "text": "has built TARP since 1975",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "110 miles of tunnel",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "150 to 300 feet down",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: tunnels '8 to 33 feet in diameter and 150 to 300 feet underground'.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "feeding reservoirs that now hold over 11 billion gallons",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: 'The system currently has a capacity of more than 11 billion gallons for combined sewage and stormwater.'",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "MWRD publishes reservoir fill levels on a public live map",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD's TARP Reservoir Levels page shows a map of fill levels at Thornton, McCook and Majewski, with a full-screen view and a link to a live view of McCook.",
      "caveat": "The page states no update interval.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Overflow days fell from about 100 a year to 50",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: 'Since the tunnels were completed in 2006, CSOs have been reduced from an average of 100 days per year to 50.'",
      "caveat": "The district's own figure.",
      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-e76203669ab1a602",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "McCook Stage 2 has slipped to 2032",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD (Aug 2025): consent decree required operation by 31 December 2029; 'the current estimate for McCook Stage 2 going online is now Dec. 31, 2032.' The June 2026 status report repeats 2032.",
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "MWRD reports combined sewer overflows fell from an average of 100 days a year to 50 once the tunnels came online",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: 'Since the tunnels were completed in 2006, CSOs have been reduced from an average of 100 days per year to 50.'",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-defd61cb87509e8c",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "overflows in the Thornton Composite Reservoir's service area have been eliminated since 2020",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: 'Thornton Reservoir has completely eliminated CSOs within its service area since 2020.'",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "TARP has captured over 1 trillion gallons of combined sewage since 1981",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: 'Since the first portions of the system were put in operation in 1981, TARP has captured over 1 trillion gallons of combined sewage.'",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "about 140 billion of it by McCook Stage 1 alone by June 2026",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "Status report as of 30 June 2026: 'Since becoming operational, Stage 1 of the McCook Reservoir has captured approximately 140 billion gallons of combined sewage.'",
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      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-d2e4d532034512d6",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the tunnel system captures about 85% of the combined-sewer-overflow pollution from its service area",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Status report: Phase I projects 'capture and enable treatment of about 85% of the combined sewer overflow (CSO) pollution from TARP’s service area.'",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "All figures are the district's own; no independent evaluation was found",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The only independent technical source on file, a University of Illinois modelling programme, describes model development, not an evaluation of outcomes.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Fifty years and more than $3 billion halved overflow days",
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      "supportNote": "Construction began 1975 (MWRD); Wikipedia gives 'over $3 billion' across 30 years of construction and the 2026 status report totals $3.861 billion in contract-award dollars; MWRD reports overflow days cut from 100 to 50.",
      "caveat": "Costs are contract-award amounts, not adjusted for inflation.",
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "in July 2026 McCook sat between 96% and 100% full",
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      "supportNote": "WBEZ: 'The McCook reservoir in southwest suburban Bedford Park fluctuated between 96% and 100% full.'",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "311 logged almost 400 complaints of water in basements",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "WBEZ: 'The city’s 311 system received almost 400 complaints about water in basements and nearly 600 reports about flooded streets between Thursday and Monday afternoon.'",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "the neighbourhood sewers, which handle about 2 inches of rain before flooding is likely, not the tunnels, are the bottleneck",
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      "supportNote": "MWRD: basement backups can occur 'even when there is plenty of room in TARP' if small neighbourhood sewers lack capacity; Smart Cities Dive, citing the Chicago Sun-Times: 'the city’s sewers can handle just 2 inches of rain before flooding is likely'.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-80e956e9e0d826da",
      "title": "MWRD — Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (TARP) (authority, operator)",
      "url": "https://mwrd.org/what-we-do/tunnel-and-reservoir-plan-tarp",
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       "domain": "mwrd.org",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator page. Carries the scale and the outcome figures sentence-level: 'four tunnel systems totaling 110 miles of tunnels, 8 to 33 feet in diameter and 150 to 300 feet underground'; 'The system currently has a capacity of more than 11 billion gallons for combined sewage and stormwater'; 'since the first portions of the system were put in operation in 1981, TARP has captured over 1 trillion gallons of combined sewage'; 'CSOs have been reduced from an average of 100 days per year to 50'; Thornton eliminating CSOs in its service area since 2020. Reservoir dates: Majewski 1998, Thornton 2015, McCook Stage 1 2017.",
       "exact": false
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-8f31e8b33b7e0558",
      "title": "MWRD — TARP Reservoir Levels (authority, the data layer)",
      "url": "https://mwrd.org/what-we-do/tunnel-and-reservoir-plan-tarp/tunnel-and-reservoir-plan-tarp-reservoir-levels",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mwrd.org",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "This is the measurement layer the entry rests on: a public interactive map of live reservoir fill levels, with a full-screen view and a live camera on McCook. The page states no update interval or units, so the entry claims only that fill levels are published live, not any accuracy or frequency.",
       "exact": false
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-db5fbe1ffae9ee27",
      "title": "MWRD — issues update on the Tunnel and Reservoir Plan, 15 August 2025 (authority)",
      "url": "https://mwrd.org/news/mwrd-issues-update-tunnel-and-reservoir-plan",
      "publisher": {
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       "domain": "mwrd.org",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-08-15",
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       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05",
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       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Currency source, and the correction that matters: 'The current estimate for McCook Stage 2 going online is now Dec. 31, 2032.' Consent decree entered 6 January 2014 originally required mining complete by 31 December 2028 and operation by 31 December 2029; the delay is attributed to a slowdown in Chicago-area stone demand. Also: McCook Stage 1 'has already captured approximately 130 billion gallons'; Stage 2 brings McCook to 10 billion gallons; the system serves 3.1 million people across Chicago and 36 suburban municipalities.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-5fa5fe5b043f01a9",
      "title": "WBEZ Chicago — Deep Tunnel nearly full after days of heavy rain, 6 July 2026 (press)",
      "url": "https://www.wbez.org/environment/2026/07/06/chicago-deep-tunnel-historic-flooding-tarp-reservoir-weather-climate-change",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "wbez.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "language": "und",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-07-06",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Counterweight and 2026 currency, sentence-level: 'The McCook reservoir in southwest suburban Bedford Park fluctuated between 96% and 100% full' after 'more than 8 inches of rain over the past 30 days'; 'The city's 311 system received almost 400 complaints about water in basements and nearly 600 reports about flooded streets between Thursday and Monday afternoon.' Also carries the independent view: 'Experts say that Deep Tunnel isn't enough to prevent flooding.'",
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      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-5b22692946ae6eed",
      "title": "Ven Te Chow Hydrosystems Laboratory, University of Illinois — Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (academic, boundary source)",
      "url": "https://vtchl.illinois.edu/tunnel-and-reservoir-plan/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "vtchl.illinois.edu",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Boundary source, and the reason this entry claims no automation: 'The MWRDGC now desires to develop a new, updated and enhanced computer model for each TARP system, to allow real-time control of the TARP systems.' Real-time control is a stated goal of a modelling research programme, not a documented operating system. Earlier models 'were based on design, rather than as-built specifications for the system and are now outdated.'",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-09b747e9e81d2eb5",
      "title": "Wikipedia — Tunnel and Reservoir Plan (reference)",
      "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnel_and_Reservoir_Plan",
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       "classification": "not-classified"
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      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-4435ec2225107b69"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Reference work, used only for dates and cost where MWRD does not state them: 'adopted in 1972, commenced in 1975, and completed and operational by 2006'; '109.4 miles of drainage tunnels ranging from 9 to 33 feet in diameter, up to 350 feet underground'; 'Across 30 years of construction, over $3 billion has been spent on the project.' Its reservoir capacities (Majewski 350 million, Thornton 7.9 billion, McCook Stage 1 3.5 billion gallons) and 2032 Stage 2 date agree with MWRD.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-7bf429bb042b71fc",
      "title": "Smart Cities Dive — with extreme rainfall overwhelming Chicago's sewers, the city tries a new approach, July 2026 (trade)",
      "url": "https://www.smartcitiesdive.com/news/chicago-wing-storage-stormwater-underground-detention/825061/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "smartcitiesdive.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-f20a91e569a4825d"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-07-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The city's local answer to TARP's limits, and the source of the agency split: the $12 million Wing Storage pilot is 'a partnership between the Chicago Department of Water Management and the Metropolitan Water Reclamation District of Greater Chicago' — two vaults under West Side streets holding nearly 1.7 million gallons for more than 2,900 buildings, announced 8 July 2026. No sensors, monitoring or control layer is described; water is released back into the sewer as capacity frees up.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-905f5de4a1f1d5ee",
      "title": "MWRD — TARP Status Report, second quarter of 2026 (August 2026)",
      "url": "https://mwrd.org/sites/default/files/2026-08/TARP%20STATUS%20REPORT%206.30.2026%20Signed.pdf",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "mwrd.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "pdf",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-3a6fa1fbb924c8f6",
       "clm-e76203669ab1a602",
       "clm-7a4d30b183b648d8",
       "clm-d2e4d532034512d6",
       "clm-4435ec2225107b69"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-10-05",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Phase I's 110 miles of tunnel capture about 85% of CSO pollution from the service area; McCook Stage 1 has captured about 140 billion gallons; Stage 2 about 75% excavated and expected operational in 2032; total TARP cost $3.861 billion in contract-award dollars.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 18,
     "claimsMapped": 18,
     "sourcesTotal": 8,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 8,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 3,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}
