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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
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  "id": "busan-urban-flood-warning-system",
  "title": "Busan Urban Flood Warning System (Busan Safety ON)",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/busan-urban-flood-warning-system/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-26-p1-quality-uplift",
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   "createdAt": "2026-08-26T14:41:50Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-08-26",
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   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 10 claims and 9 source dossiers.",
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     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
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      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Busan Metropolitan City — Citizen Safety Office (Natural Disaster Division)",
     "actorTypes": [
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     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
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     "exitConditions": null
    },
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "After the July 2020 Choryang underpass flood killed three drivers",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Local daily recalling the accident: three people trapped in their vehicles died in the Choryang No. 1 underpass during the record rainfall of 23 July 2020.",
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      "interpretation": {
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       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Busan mapped inundation risk across 201 neighbourhoods",
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      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "City press release: the flood hazard information map was produced for and distributed to 201 eup, myeon and dong across the 16 districts and counties, after a citywide analysis of inland flooding causes completed in December 2020.",
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      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "in May 2023 put the result online at safecity.busan.go.kr",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Local daily on the launch: from that month the city ran the country's first site giving real-time urban flooding information, at safecity.busan.go.kr.",
      "caveat": null,
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      "text": "The portal merges flood-detection sensors, rain gauges, river-level gauges and tide readings with national rainfall forecasts, grading each area safe, caution, alert or danger",
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      "supportNote": "City press release: real-time data from flood-detection sensors, rain gauges and river-level gauges is combined with the Korea Meteorological Administration's rainfall forecast to produce four grades of flood risk — safe, caution, alert, danger.",
      "caveat": null,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The city warned at launch that readings could be inaccurate: too few instruments, an algorithm untested in real storms",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The city's own caveat: in the early phase the flood-risk information generated may be somewhat inaccurate because of a shortage of observation equipment and collected data and because the algorithm has not been validated in real conditions.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-a51cb0413f7757be",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Full operation followed in May 2024",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Local daily: trial operation ran from that month until April of the following year, with full operation planned from May 2024.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-a653cfef3f35382b",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "a 2026 rebuild widened the portal into Busan Safety ON, covering six hazard fields",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "National daily: the integrated site Busan Safety ON is organised in six fields — urban flooding, earthquake and seismic retrofitting, nuclear safety, sinkholes and landslides, heat and cold waves, and shelters — and ran in trial operation until the end of April.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "with sensors planned on the highest-risk steep slopes to alarm the district office automatically",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Economic daily quoting a city official: sensors are to be installed on grade C, highest-risk steep slopes and will send an automatic warning alarm to the local authority when a risk value is reached.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-28d77448ce0108a6",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "41 of the city's 57 underpasses still fell outside the rule that makes an automatic entry barrier compulsory",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Local daily working from a National Assembly member's figures: of Busan's 57 underpasses only 16 are subject to the mandatory entry-barrier requirement, leaving 41 outside it. The barrier automatically blocks vehicles once water inside the underpass reaches 15 cm.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "nationwide only 164 of 402 underpasses had one fitted",
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      "supportNote": "Same report: of 402 underpasses nationwide, only 164 had the entry-barrier facility installed.",
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       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "src-dd42daf8c541b050",
      "title": "Asiae — Busan pushes an integrated urban flood management system (13 Apr 2023)",
      "url": "https://www.asiae.co.kr/article/2023041316591017816",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Carries the city's own caveat that early flood-risk readings may be inaccurate because observation equipment and data are insufficient and the algorithm is unvalidated in real conditions; names the Citizen Safety Office as owner.",
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      "id": "src-bf55856f5727e463",
      "title": "Busan Ilbo — integrated urban flood information goes live (22 May 2023)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Supports the May 2023 service launch at safecity.busan.go.kr, the trial period running to April 2024 with full operation from May 2024, the Natural Disaster Division as operator, and the real-time data set including river water level, tide level and rainfall.",
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      "title": "Busan Metropolitan City — first urban flood hazard maps produced (13 May 2021)",
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Official press release: citywide inundation-cause analysis completed December 2020, maps covering 201 eup, myeon and dong across all 16 districts and counties. This is the map layer the 2023 system was built on.",
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      "title": "Segye Ilbo — Busan: from flood maps to shelters at a glance (3 Feb 2026)",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Supports the February 2026 rebuild into the six-field Busan Safety ON portal (urban flooding, earthquake, nuclear safety, sinkhole and landslide, heat and cold waves, shelters), trial February to April 2026, full operation from May 2026.",
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      },
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      "id": "src-e8a2ef6b5f599cd5",
      "title": "Seoul Economic Daily — Busan enters summer storm response posture (13 May 2026)",
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       "name": null,
       "domain": "sedaily.com",
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       "updatedAt": null,
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Current status: Busan Safety ON in full operation, integrating river water-level and CCTV data; sensors on high-risk Grade-C steep slopes that alarm local authorities automatically when thresholds are crossed; coastal wave overtopping named as one of six Busan-specific storm risks.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-d4942481bc5ecf8d",
      "title": "Busan Safety ON — the live public portal",
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      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "safecity.busan.go.kr",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The operating service itself; confirms the system is live under the city's own domain as of July 2026.",
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     {
      "id": "src-6e16c8778b9fc6f8",
      "title": "Busan Ilbo — four years after Choryang, 41 underpasses remain flood blind spots (18 Jul 2024)",
      "url": "https://www.busan.com/view/busan/view.php?code=2024071810045717368",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "busan.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
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       "publishedAt": "2024-07-18",
       "updatedAt": null,
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       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Independent counterweight behind the lesson: 41 of Busan's 57 underpasses (72%) fall outside the mandatory automatic entry-barrier requirement, four years after the 2020 Choryang deaths; barriers are designed to trigger above 15 cm of water.",
       "exact": false
      },
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-40077e966e102acc",
      "title": "Busan Metropolitan City — keeping Marine City safe from wave overtopping",
      "url": "https://www.busan.go.kr/news/totalnews01/view?dataNo=70845&gugun=Next",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "busan.go.kr",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-02-03",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
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      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Context for the coastal side: Busan's answer to Marine City overtopping is a 500 m submerged breakwater 150 m offshore, completion targeted end-2027. Cited to show it is passive hard engineering with no sensing or automated-closure layer, so it is not part of this entry.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-0796b5f0903866db",
      "title": "Busan Metropolitan City — Busan pushes the country’s first integrated urban flood management system (13 Apr 2023)",
      "url": "https://www.busan.go.kr/nbtnewsBU/1562535",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "busan.go.kr",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
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      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-04-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-26",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "City press release. Names the four risk stages (safe, caution, alert, danger), the sensor mix behind them (flood-detection sensors, rain gauges, river-level gauges) combined with the Korea Meteorological Administration's rainfall forecast, and the 2019-20 study that produced the citywide inundation maps. Replaces the Smart City Korea copy of the same release, which now returns 404.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
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       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 10,
     "claimsMapped": 10,
     "sourcesTotal": 9,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 7,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 8,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}