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 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "bogota-pico-y-placa",
  "title": "Pico y Placa: Plate Rationing You Can Pay to Escape",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bogota-pico-y-placa/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-20-source-dates",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-20-source-dates",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-20T00:00:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 1 claim and 13 source dossiers.",
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   },
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    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
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     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
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    {
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     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
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    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:354cafa6c175936b6afe035cf72f66c5e56d8fbe7859fa70d01b627c5f666ce3",
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     "status": "unreviewed",
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     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "peer-reviewed",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 1998,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad de Bogotá",
     "actorTypes": [
      "city-government"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": "Self-financing since 2020: Pico y Placa Solidario permit fees go entirely to the Fondo de Estabilización Tarifaria, which subsidises Integrated Public Transport System fares.",
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-873775718d776e43",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "estimates average speeds fell about 9% while annual welfare rose by roughly US$222 million, because middle-income drivers gained about US$759 million against about US$506 million lost by higher-income drivers stuck in the extra traffic",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The entry's lesson says the evaluation finds the buy-out slowed Bogotá down and still left the city better off, by moving road access from richer drivers to middle-income ones.",
      "caveat": "No Bogotá-specific study measures the second-car rebound effect made famous by Mexico City, and the entry does not assume one.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
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    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-37597422a1221733",
      "title": "Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad — Pico y Placa (operator)",
      "url": "https://www.movilidadbogota.gov.co/pico-y-placa",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "movilidadbogota.gov.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-06-17",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Operator page. Legal basis for private vehicles is Decreto Distrital 003 of 6 January 2023 (with Decree 660/2001 for taxis, 248/2016 special transport, 840/2019 amended by 077/2020 for cargo). Hours and plate calendars live in monthly PDFs the page links rather than in the page text, so the 06:00-21:00 Monday-Friday schedule was taken from the city's own July 2026 calendar article instead.",
       "exact": false
      },
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       "status": "not-captured"
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     {
      "id": "src-af8d60fdc7f80dae",
      "title": "Alcaldía de Bogotá — pico y placa for private vehicles, 1-31 July 2026",
      "url": "https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/movilidad/pico-y-placa-en-bogota-para-vehiculos-particulares-1-31-julio-2026",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "bogota.gov.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-07-01",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Currency check: the scheme is running in July 2026 on the odd/even calendar rule (plates ending 1-5 on odd-numbered days, 6-0 on even), Monday to Friday 06:00-21:00, with no restriction on Saturdays, Sundays or holidays for Bogotá-registered private cars.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-49954d513c513e04",
      "title": "Alcaldía de Bogotá — what the photo-detection cameras detect",
      "url": "https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/movilidad/movilidad-bogota-infracciones-que-detectan-camaras-de-fotodeteccion",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "bogota.gov.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-03-09",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The scope-test source. Automatic cameras detect 'exceso de velocidad, pico y placa, falta de revisión técnico mecánica y cruces de semáforo en rojo'; semi-automatic ones at traffic lights also cover pico y placa. In both cases 'un agente de tránsito valida la información' before a citation is issued. No camera count or deployment dates on the page, so none is claimed here.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-026e49f368d70fd2",
      "title": "Infobae, 13 May 2026 — Bogotá's most common traffic offences in 2025",
      "url": "https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2026/05/13/estas-son-las-infracciones-de-transito-mas-comunes-en-bogota/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "infobae.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-05-13",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Carrying sentence for the enforcement figure, attributed to the Secretaría Distrital de Movilidad: 'Circular en horarios o zonas restringidas, especialmente referidas al pico y placa (C14), fue la causa de 72.339 multas' in 2025, an average of 198 a day, concentrated in Suba (19%), Ciudad Bolívar (11%) and Kennedy (9%). Press reporting of an official figure, not an audit.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-c8b09ff0ca5bdf88",
      "title": "Pico y Placa Solidario — official permit platform (operator)",
      "url": "https://picoyplacasolidario.movilidadbogota.gov.co/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "picoyplacasolidario.movilidadbogota.gov.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The only authorised sales channel; the city warns publicly about imitation sites. Automated fetching returned little beyond the one-line description of the daily, monthly and six-month permits, so prices and the revenue rule were verified elsewhere.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-42b5925bc8d3eeff",
      "title": "Alcaldía de Bogotá — where the Pico y Placa Solidario revenue is invested",
      "url": "https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/movilidad/movilidad-bogota-en-que-se-invierte-recaudo-del-pico-y-placa-solidario",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "bogota.gov.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-03-12",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Official statement that '100% of this revenue is allocated to financing, strengthening and improving the quality of Bogotá's Integrated Public Transport System', and the four pricing factors: base price by duration, environmental factor by fuel and emissions, the vehicle's commercial value, and the municipality of registration. Carries no revenue totals or permit counts.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-08a648da9c6a0dc3",
      "title": "Semana, 2026 — the collection mechanism that does not decongest the city",
      "url": "https://www.semana.com/nacion/bogota/articulo/pico-y-placa-solidario-en-bogota-el-mecanismo-de-recaudo-que-no-descongestiona-a-la-ciudad/202606/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "semana.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-03-07",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Dates the instrument: created by Decreto 749 de 2019, operating from 22 September 2020. Source for the counterweight: the Secretaría says the objective is to discourage buying a second vehicle rather than to reduce congestion, the fund covers about 18% of the fare stabilisation fund in 2026, and GovLab's Ómar Oróstegui argues 'el pico y placa ya perdió el impacto con el que fue concebido' as the fleet grew from roughly 500,000 vehicles to over 2.5 million.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-8787ca9fcbf96c03",
      "title": "El Tiempo — the numbers behind Pico y Placa Solidario",
      "url": "https://www.eltiempo.com/bogota/las-cifras-detras-del-pico-y-placa-solidario-en-bogota-que-tanto-ha-funcionado-esta-medida-que-recauda-miles-de-millones-de-pesos-al-ano-3536314",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "eltiempo.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2026-02-28",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Carrying source for the revenue series (COP 6.1bn 2020, 25.7bn 2021, 218.3bn 2022, 412bn 2023, 423bn 2024, 488bn 2025; about 1.6 trillion cumulative), for the December 2025 peak of 446,853 daily permits, and for the sentence that around 30,000 vehicles circulate on permits each day, 3.5-4% of the capital's daily traffic. Figures sourced from the Secretaría de Movilidad; peso amounts are Colombian pesos.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
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     },
     {
      "id": "src-17eab8b8b86bf2a5",
      "title": "Montero, Sepúlveda & Basso, 'Pricing Congestion to Increase Traffic: The Case of Bogotá', Journal of the European Economic Association (accepted 2025)",
      "url": "https://academic.oup.com/jeea/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jeea/jvaf039/8258939",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "academic.oup.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-873775718d776e43"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-09-19",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The load-bearing peer-reviewed evaluation, and it is about Bogotá specifically, not the genre. The OUP page returned only site navigation to automated fetching; the abstract, the roughly 9% fall in average speed, the US$222 million annual welfare gain and the US$759m/US$506m split between middle- and higher-income drivers were read from the authors' listing at chair-energy-prosperity.org (https://chair-energy-prosperity.org/en/research-area-2/politiques-sectorielles-transition-energetique-2/pricing-congestion-to-increase-traffic-the-case-of-bogota/). The working-paper PDF at economia.uc.cl would not decode in the review sandbox. The welfare figures are model estimates, not measured cash.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-9d9010ff155e3740",
      "title": "Zhang, Lin Lawell & Umanskaya, 'The effects of license plate-based driving restrictions on air quality: Theory and empirical evidence', Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 82, 2017, pp. 181-220",
      "url": "https://ideas.repec.org/a/eee/jeeman/v82y2017icp181-220.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "ideas.repec.org",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2013-10-14",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Theory model plus what the authors themselves call 'suggestive empirical evidence' from Bogotá: a significant decrease in NO alongside significant increases in NO2, NOx and ozone. Second-car purchase appears as one candidate mechanism in the model, NOT as a measured Bogotá result — this entry therefore claims no rebound figure. ScienceDirect returned 403 to automated fetching; verified via RePEc.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-0cbf9ebfc943c6b9",
      "title": "El Nuevo Siglo — eleven changes to Bogotá's pico y placa in 24 years",
      "url": "https://www.elnuevosiglo.com.co/nacion/once-cambios-al-pico-y-placa-en-bogota-en-24-anos",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "elnuevosiglo.com.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-01-06",
       "updatedAt": "2023-01-08",
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Chronology: 1998 start under Peñalosa at 06:00-10:00 and 13:00-21:00 during TransMilenio phase one construction; 2002 Mockus rotation; 2009 Moreno extension to 14 hours; July 2012 Petro's odd-even at seven hours; 2020 pandemic suspension and September 2020 restart with the Solidario permit; January 2023 extension to 06:00-21:00. Press chronology, not an operator record; the widely repeated '240,000 vehicles' figure for 1998 is left out of this entry.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-b10ef2501bea9464",
      "title": "El País (Colombia), 2023 — court declines to suspend the pico y placa decree",
      "url": "https://www.elpais.com.co/colombia/estas-serian-las-razones-por-las-que-negaron-demanda-que-buscaba-suspender-la-medida-del-pico-y-placa-en-bogota-0154.html",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "elpais.com.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2023-07-01",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The Tribunal Administrativo de Cundinamarca refused, on appeal, to suspend Decreto 003 of 6 January 2023 while claimants argued it breached the equality principle and rested on insufficient technical studies. The article does not discuss the paid exemption, so no ruling on Solidario is claimed.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-e6eabb77e5f31560",
      "title": "Alcaldía de Bogotá — Saturday pico y placa for vehicles registered outside the city",
      "url": "https://bogota.gov.co/mi-ciudad/movilidad/asi-sera-el-pico-y-placa-para-vehiculos-matriculados-fuera-de-bogota",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "bogota.gov.co",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-11-14",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-20",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Announced 14 November 2025 by mayor Carlos Fernando Galán: from 2026 privately owned cars not registered in Bogotá face restriction two Saturdays a month, and the Solidario multiplier for out-of-city plates rises from 1.2 to 1.5 from January 2026, on the argument that around 30% of circulating vehicles pay no tax in the capital. The governor of Cundinamarca has publicly called the measure discriminatory and threatened to take it to the Tribunal Administrativo de Cundinamarca; as of this review no ruling was found.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 1,
     "claimsMapped": 1,
     "sourcesTotal": 13,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 1,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 12,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}