{
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 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "beijing-yanfang-driverless-metro",
  "title": "Yanfang Line: Driverless Metro on Home-Grown Signalling",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/beijing-yanfang-driverless-metro/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-28-baseline",
 "revisions": [
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   "createdAt": "2026-08-27T00:31:45Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 11 claims and 6 source dossiers.",
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   },
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    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
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     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
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    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "succeeded",
     "evidenceGrade": "media",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2017,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Beijing Metro Operation Administration Corp., Ltd.",
     "actorTypes": [
      "utility"
     ],
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     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
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      "text": "The 14.4 km Yanfang line opened on 30 December 2017 in Beijing's southwestern Fangshan district",
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      "supportNote": "China Daily, relaying Xinhua and the operator: launched 30 December 2017, nine stations on a 14.4 km main line linking Yanshan and Fangshan. CGTN, reporting from the opening, gives the same nine stations and 14.4 kilometres. Wikipedia records the same opening date.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "state media and the operator describe it as China's first fully automated metro built entirely from domestic subsystems, its automatic train control coming from Beijing's Traffic Control Technology rather than an imported CBTC",
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      "supportNote": "China Daily calls it China's first fully domestically developed automated subway. CGTN reports that everything from rolling stock to signal communication systems, CCTV and rail tracks is domestically produced, and quotes the automation project director at Beijing Traffic Control Technology on the signal system being built for Chinese operating habits rather than imported. Traffic Control Technology names itself as the contractor.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Trains initially ran at GoA3 with an attendant on board whose job was to supervise rather than drive; the line switched to unattended GoA4 operation in December 2019, after 195 tests of the automatic system",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The same home-grown system was then scaled up to the 160 km/h Daxing Airport Express, which has run unattended since June 2021",
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      "supportNote": "The Beijing Municipal Government: on 28 June 2021 the Daxing Airport Express put its unmanned train into operation, becoming the first fully automatic rail line in China with a design speed of 160 km/h operating at GoA4, using a Full Automatic Operation system with fully independent intellectual property rights. Traffic Control Technology states its fully automatic operation system was applied to the Daxing airport line at 160 km/h.",
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      "text": "Two years after opening, the operator counted nearly 13.2 million trips on the line, and the planned branch line has been left unbuilt because of low passenger flow",
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      "supportNote": "China Daily, December 2019: nearly 13.2 million trips have been made on the line over the years. Wikipedia records that the 6.1 km branch line from Raolefu to Zhoukoudian Town remains under planning and will not be built in the short term because of low passenger flow.",
      "caveat": "The ridership total is the operator's own, relayed by state media; no independent count has been published.",
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      "text": "Chinese state media reported in January 2025 that 50 fully automated metro lines were running in 21 Chinese cities, about 1,480 km in total, in an article tracing the wave back to Yanfang's 2017 opening",
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      "supportNote": "Global Times, 6 January 2025: since the launch of China's first domestically developed fully automated metro line in 2017, Beijing's Yanfang line, 50 fully automated running lines have been opened and operated in 21 cities, with an operating mileage of about 1,480 kilometres.",
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      "text": "The same article records why the transport ministry had just issued a trial code of practice for these systems: recent incidents had revealed weaknesses in cross-discipline coordination and safety management",
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      "supportNote": "Global Times: the Ministry of Transport released the trial code of practice for fully automated urban railway transportation systems, and recent incidents have revealed weaknesses in cross-discipline coordination and safety management, highlighting the need for clearer technical standards and stronger safety measures, according to the ministry.",
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      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Traffic Control Technology's corporate account has the 2017 demonstration project opening at GoA4",
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      "supportNote": "The supplier's own page: in 2017 the demonstration project of the Beijing Yanfang line, undertaken by Traffic Control Technology, was opened, and the fully automatic operation level reached the GoA4 level.",
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      "text": "At the opening the operator told reporters the line was designed to the GoA3 standard and that an attendant would ride to supervise rather than drive — and the company's own project director said the upgrade to GoA4 would come when passengers had grown accustomed to it",
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      "supportNote": "CGTN, reporting from the 30 December 2017 opening: the subway operator said the line was designed by the GoA3 standard; there will still be an attendant on board whose role will merely be to supervise, and not to operate; and Mao Xinde, automation operation system project director at Beijing Traffic Control Technology, said that when passengers become more accustomed to this, they will upgrade it to GoA4.",
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      "text": "It came in December 2019, after 195 tests",
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      "supportNote": "China Daily, 20 December 2019: the operator said the line had gone fully automated, upgraded from GoA3 to GoA4, after 195 tests of the automatic system.",
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      "text": "In January 2025 the transport ministry issued a trial code of practice for fully automated lines because incidents had revealed weak cross-discipline coordination and safety management, and set requirements for lines already running automatically that do not meet it",
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      "supportNote": "Global Times, 6 January 2025: the Ministry of Transport released the trial code of practice for fully automated urban railway transportation systems; recent incidents had revealed weaknesses in cross-discipline coordination and safety management; and the code sets requirements for existing fully automated lines and those upgraded from non-automated systems that do not meet it.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "id": "src-870f681741ac4207",
      "title": "China Daily — Beijing subway line goes fully automated (20 Dec 2019)",
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       "value": "Confirms the line opened at GoA3 with an attendant on board who does not drive; everything from rolling stock to signalling domestically produced; names Mao Xinde of Beijing Traffic Control Technology as head of the automation project.",
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       "value": "Supporting reference: 14.4 km, nine stations, opened 30 December 2017; the first line in Beijing capable of unattended train operation and the first in China to use only domestically developed subsystems; the planned branch line is deferred for low passenger flow. A living article with no publication date.",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The supplier's own account, a reprint of a China Business News interview, of the Yanfang line as its first fully automatic operation demonstration line. It states the line 'reached the GoA4 level' at its 2017 opening, which the reporting from the opening and the 2019 upgrade announcement contradict; the page carries no reliable publication date.",
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      "title": "Beijing Municipal Government — Daxing Airport Express achieves fully automated operation",
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       "publishedAt": "2021-06-30",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Official confirmation that the Daxing Airport Express reached GoA4 unattended operation on 28 June 2021 using a system with fully independent intellectual property rights, at a 160 km/h design speed.",
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      "title": "Global Times — China issues trial code of practice for fully automated urban rail systems (6 Jan 2025)",
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       "value": "Source of the diffusion figure: 50 fully automated lines running in 21 cities, about 1,480 km in total, in an article tracing the wave to Beijing's 2017 Yanfang line.",
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     "claimsTotal": 11,
     "claimsMapped": 11,
     "sourcesTotal": 6,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}