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  "id": "barcelona-bicing",
  "title": "Bicing Public Bike-Share",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/barcelona-bicing/"
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     "timeline": {
      "started": 2007,
      "ended": null
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     "operator": "B:SM (Barcelona de Serveis Municipals) / Pedalem Barcelona",
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      "text": "Barcelona's council-run bike-share launched in March 2007",
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      "text": "operated by Clear Channel until 2018, then Pedalem Barcelona/PBSC under municipal firm BSM",
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      "supportNote": "Spanish Wikipedia: \"La empresa municipal Barcelona de Serveis Municipals (B:SM) es la gestora del servicio, mientras que la concesión de explotación corresponde desde 2019 a Pedalem Barcelona, una Unión Temporal de Empresas formada por CESPA (Ferrovial Servicios) y PBSC. Entre 2007 y 2018 fue Clear Channel la empresa encargada de dicha tarea.\"",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A 2019 relaunch scaled up pedal-assist e-bikes first piloted in 2014",
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      "supportNote": "Wikipedia: \"In 2019 the network started a large 7,000 bike expansion with pedal assisted bikes from Canadian firm PBSC.\" Interempresas, 16 December 2014: electric Bicing starts \"con 150 vehículos y 23 estaciones\" for 1,500 users, followed by a pilot running to 2017.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the fleet now runs about 8,000 bikes (5,000 electric) across roughly 557 app-enabled docking stations",
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      "supportNote": "The live data page lists \"8.000 Número de bicicletas\" and \"557 Número de estaciones\" and invites riders to download the SMOU app to use Bicing; the July 2025 city news says \"ya son 557 las estaciones operativas, con 5.000 bicicletas eléctricas disponibles\".",
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      "text": "with around 170,000 subscribers",
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      "supportNote": "The live data page shows 169.316 under \"Número de abonados bicing\", next to monthly use figures for August 2026.",
      "caveat": "A live counter without its own date; the page's monthly figures refer to August 2026.",
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "E-bikes carry about eight of every ten trips",
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      "supportNote": "Catalan News: \"Out of the 8,000 bikes, 5,000 of them are electric and represent 8 out of 10 Bicing trips.\"",
      "caveat": "Figures from a city council statement, reported in July 2025.",
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the city logged over 100 million trips since the 2019 relaunch",
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      "supportNote": "City news: \"Este mes de junio se han alcanzado los 100 millones de viajes acumulados desde el inicio del nuevo Bicing, en el año 2019.\"",
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      "text": "In a 2013 survey of 367 Bicing cyclists, nearly two-thirds had never or nearly never cycled their current trips before the scheme",
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      "supportNote": "\"Of the 367 current cyclists, nearly two thirds had never or nearly never used a bicycle for their current cycle trips before 'Bicing', and 70% had never or nearly never considered cycling.\"",
      "caveat": "A conference abstract, based on self-reported answers from current users recruited in the street.",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "almost half would otherwise have taken public transport, 30% would have walked and fewer than 5% would have used a car or motorcycle",
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      "supportNote": "\"Almost half of all current cyclists would have taken public transportation for the same trip previously, 30% would have walked, and less than 5% would have used a motor vehicle (car or motorcycle).\"",
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      "text": "A peer-reviewed health impact assessment found that Bicing's physical-activity benefits outweighed its traffic and air-pollution risks in every scenario it tested",
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "its headline estimate of about 12 deaths avoided a year assumed that 90% of regular users had switched from cars",
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      "supportNote": "\"We assumed that 90% of these users (n=25 426) were new cyclists who had shifted travel mode from cars\"; the paper adds that \"Data on shifts in mode of travel as a result of the Bicing initiative could not be found\". The annual number of deaths avoided is given as 12.28.",
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      "text": "A bike-share can turn non-cyclists into cyclists without taking many cars off the road",
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      "text": "Barcelona's riders came mostly from public transport and walking",
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      "text": "a benefit counted against car trips needs the substitution survey beside it",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Street survey of 367 Bicing cyclists and 428 non-cyclists: nearly two-thirds of cyclists had never or nearly never cycled their current trips before Bicing; almost half would have used public transport, 30% walked, under 5% a car or motorcycle.",
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     "sourcesTotal": 8,
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    "limits": [
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     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
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     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
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}