{
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 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
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  "id": "bangkok-rail-fare-integration",
  "title": "Bangkok Rail Fare & Ticketing Integration",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bangkok-rail-fare-integration/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-21-source-dates",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-20-claim-baseline",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-21T11:10:00Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 8 claims and 14 source dossiers.",
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    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
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    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
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    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
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      "publication-diff-contract",
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    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "scaled-back",
     "evidenceGrade": "official",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2018,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Ministry of Transport with MRTA as clearing-house authority; lines operated by BEM, BTSC, SRT Electrified Train, EBM and NBM",
     "actorTypes": [
      "national-government",
      "utility",
      "private"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "ppp",
     "fundingDescription": "Thai government budget, on top of lines built and run under state concessions",
     "cost": "5.67bn baht budgeted for one year of fare compensation (5.51bn to operators, 156m for a central revenue system)",
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-89e97dc014f38e6d",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "Bangkok's rail network runs 13 lines under three agencies and their concessionaires",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The policy account lists the 13 lines and their agencies alongside the network's 279.84 km and 194 stations.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-00c2a7ca39dd585e",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A common card, Mangmoom, was promised from 2016, launched in June 2018 on two lines, then relaunched in 2025 as a bank-issued EMV card",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      ],
      "supportNote": "The established-press account documents the repeated common-ticket announcements and their non-delivery, which is what makes Mangmoom a promise from the mid-2010s that never reached the whole network. The EMV report records that the second-generation card covers six lines but not the BTS.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-5ecdd2aa0331eca3",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "bank cards have worked on the MRT Blue and Purple lines since January 2022 and became mandatory there on 1 June 2026",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The operator introduced EMV contactless on the MRT Blue and Purple lines in January 2022, with readers installed at 53 stations. The later report gives the transition dates: stored-value top-ups end 1 April 2026, EMV becomes mandatory on those two lines on 1 June 2026, and QR tickets replace single-journey tokens from 1 January 2027.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "The BTS Green and Gold lines still take only Rabbit cards",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "The second-generation Mangmoom EMV card covers six lines but not the BTS, and the independent cost analysis states plainly that no single card spans both the BTS and the MRT.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "A network-wide 20-baht flat fare was budgeted and opened for registration in August 2025 but slipped past its October launch awaiting legislation",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The scheme carried a 5,668 million baht budget — 5,512 million in operator compensation plus 156 million for a central revenue system — with app registration and a requirement to register an EMV or Rabbit card. The launch, originally 1 October 2025, was delayed to mid-November because the joint-ticket and MRTA bills had not completed their readings, with the transport minister apologising publicly. The instruments themselves are the MRTA Act (Amendment 2), gazetted 7 November 2025, the Common Ticket System Management Act and the Rail Transport Act.",
      "caveat": "Eligibility was restricted to Thai nationals, a condition an independent analysis flags as a burden on migrant workers.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-1abcc8cf18d34039",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the cabinet dropped it in June 2026 for a 17-45 baht cap from 2027",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
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      "supportNote": "The cabinet decision of 23 June 2026 sets a common fare of 17-45 baht per trip from 1 January 2027 with one entry fee across transfers, formally cancels the 20-baht flat fare, and leaves the clearing house and subsidiary legislation outstanding. The second report confirms the structure and date.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
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      "field": "impact",
      "text": "The MRT Purple Line averaged about 66,000 trips a day after one year of the 20-baht cap, up 17.70% year on year",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "After one year of the cap the Purple Line averaged about 66,000 passengers a day, up 17.70 per cent. The authority's own release dates the cap on that line to 16 October 2023.",
      "caveat": "Ridership data originates with the operator. The authority's page blocks automated fetching; headline and date were verified via the search listing and corroborated by a second Thai outlet. An independent analysis puts the expected effect lower: a research institute estimated the cap would raise ridership about 14 per cent, short of the roughly 30 per cent fare cut, and a free-fare week in January 2025 lifted core Blue and Purple weekday use only 20-30 per cent.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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     {
      "id": "clm-6889ddb7097e279d",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "Open payment standards fixed the turnstile but not the concession contracts underneath, which is where fare integration actually stalled",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
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      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
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      "supportNote": "Acquiring certain routes would cost roughly 100 billion baht and some concessions run to 2029, so full state control is not immediately feasible. Meanwhile the flat fare was scaled back rather than extended: from 1 December 2025 the Purple and Red lines moved from the 20-baht cap to a 40-baht daily pass, 30 baht for students, accessible only with an EMV contactless card. And the card estate itself remains split — passengers must buy cards at 250, 200 or 150 baht, an estimated 58.6 to 364.7 million baht a year in total, with no single card spanning both the BTS and the MRT.",
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       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
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      "id": "src-3ad99e20db3a1379",
      "title": "Thai PBS Policy Watch — conditions of the 20-baht scheme",
      "url": "https://policywatch.thaipbs.or.th/article/economy-176",
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       "value": "Lists the 13 lines and their agencies, the 279.84 km and 194 stations figures, the 5,668m baht budget (5,512m operator compensation plus 156m for a central revenue system), Thai-nationals-only eligibility, app registration, and the requirement to register an EMV or Rabbit card.",
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      "title": "Nation Thailand — the MRT shifts to EMV contactless",
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       "value": "Dates for the open-loop transition: stored-value top-ups end 1 April 2026, EMV becomes mandatory on the Blue and Purple lines 1 June 2026, QR tickets replace single-journey tokens 1 January 2027. Also that the second-generation Mangmoom EMV card covers six lines but not the BTS.",
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      "title": "Brand Inside — EMV contactless arrives on the MRT",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Supports the start date for open-loop acceptance: the operator introduced EMV contactless on the MRT Blue and Purple lines in January 2022, with readers installed at 53 stations.",
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      "title": "Bangkok Post — common ticket vows fall flat",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Established-press account of the repeated common-ticket announcements and their non-delivery; supports framing Mangmoom as a promise made from the mid-2010s that never reached the whole network.",
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      "id": "src-1c7c7c1f10c4da3d",
      "title": "MRTA — 20-baht maximum fare on the Purple Line from 16 October 2023",
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       "publishedAt": "2023-10-16",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "The authority's own release announcing the 20-baht cap on the Purple Line effective 16 October 2023. Blocks automated fetching (403); headline and date verified via search listing and corroborated by Prachachat.",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Carries the impact figure: after one year of the 20-baht cap the Purple Line averaged about 66,000 passengers a day, up 17.70%. Ridership data originates with the operator.",
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      "title": "Thai PBS Policy Watch — Purple and Red lines move to a 40-baht daily pass",
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       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "From 1 December 2025 the Purple and Red lines switched from the 20-baht cap to a 40-baht daily pass (30 baht for students), accessible only with an EMV contactless card: the evidence that the flat fare was scaled back rather than extended.",
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       "value": "The legal instruments: the MRTA Act (Amendment 2) gazetted 7 November 2025, plus the Common Ticket System Management Act and the Rail Transport Act; explains that the laws set the framework and fare-setting powers rather than any particular price.",
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      "text": "the cabinet dropped it in June 2026 for a 17-45 baht cap from 2027",
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      "text": "The MRT Purple Line averaged about 66,000 trips a day after one year of the 20-baht cap, up 17.70% year on year",
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      "text": "Open payment standards fixed the turnstile but not the concession contracts underneath, which is where fare integration actually stalled",
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       "value": "Independent counterweight: passengers must buy cards (MRT EMV 250 baht, Rabbit 200 baht, Mangmoom 150 baht promotional), an estimated 58.6 to 364.7 million baht a year in total; no single card spans both the BTS and the MRT.",
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      "title": "ISEAS Perspective 2025/67 — mass transit pricing and fare caps in Bangkok",
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       "value": "Independent analysis of the fiscal and equity problems: the Thailand Development Research Institute estimated the cap would raise ridership about 14%, short of the roughly 30% fare cut; the January 2025 free-fare week lifted core Blue and Purple line weekday use only 20-30%; the Thai-citizens-only condition burdens migrant workers.",
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