{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "bangalore-water-restrictions", "title": "Bengaluru Potable-Water Restrictions and Reuse Rules", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bangalore-water-restrictions/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-28-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-08-28-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-08-27T00:50:50Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 12 claims and 10 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:3e454325de69d301d3824230b35516d324f2ce93e5f10b01131b99a2d4118513", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-07-26", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:28c302fcf379dc17c5d616178a27004434425e783e1d3aa5e957d7952857624f", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "live", "outcome": "ongoing", "evidenceGrade": "media", "timeline": { "started": 2024, "ended": null } }, "governance": { "operator": "Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB)", "actorTypes": [ "utility" ], "fundingModel": "public", "fundingDescription": null, "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-2b0b05efacc746dd", "field": "snippet", "text": "As the water crisis peaked in March 2024 the board cut supply to bulk users by 20% and banned Cauvery drinking water for car washing, gardening, construction and fountains, with a 5,000-rupee fine and 500 rupees a day for repeat offences", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-26ae6b0a90a6cb0d", "src-77c7cc323cbe2bc0" ], "supportNote": "Down To Earth, 12 March 2024: the board announced a 20 per cent supply cut to major consumers — companies, hospitals, railways and airports — and a notification prohibiting potable water for car washing and watering plants, with a 5,000-rupee fine. Citizen Matters gives the full list of prohibited uses and the additional 500 rupees a day for repeat violations.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-95c0485b252fb988", "field": "snippet", "text": "apartment complexes above twenty units must already treat and reuse their own sewage", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fa59a583b4d5c55c" ], "supportNote": "Citizen Matters: in March 2016 the board amended its sewerage regulations to require existing and new apartments of more than 20 units connected to its sewerage network to install sewage treatment plants, following a January 2016 state order covering group housing and apartments of 20 units or more.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a2dbfc295fc82192", "field": "snippet", "text": "The board reissued the ban in July 2026, extended it to swimming pools and gave buildings until 31 July to fit tap aerators", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-b9287efe5323ac57", "src-36dc97506988238d" ], "supportNote": "Deccan Chronicle, 5 July 2026: three directives — compulsory flow restrictors or aerators, a renewed prohibition on drinking water for non-potable uses, and a ban on filling swimming pools with drinking water. The Hans India, 6 July 2026, gives the aerator deadline of 31 July and repeats the pool ban.", "caveat": "The two reports differ on scope: the agency copy in Deccan Chronicle says aerators are compulsory in all buildings including houses, while The Hans India lists the 31 July notification as covering malls, commercial complexes, apartment buildings, government offices, hotels, restaurants and public places.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-1441b7fdee1d27f8", "field": "snippet", "text": "the equivalent 2024 deadline had been pushed back", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-4c40349b1d74df2e" ], "supportNote": "The Hindu's headline of 31 March 2024 records the 2024 aerator deadline being extended to 7 April.", "caveat": "PressReader blocks automated retrieval; only the outlet, date and headline could be confirmed, so the entry claims no more than that the deadline moved.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-4af879d2cbfc8aa7", "field": "snippet", "text": "The promised AI water meters remain a 2,000-connection pilot", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-042d3bea339c911a" ], "supportNote": "NewsFirst Prime, 3 December 2024: the board will roll out 2,000 smart meters for bulk consumers in a pilot project, expandable to about 98,000 connections if it succeeds.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c0bafe0f089fcc90", "field": "impact", "text": "The water board counted 22 households fined 5,000 rupees each, 1.1 lakh rupees in all, in the first two weeks of enforcement of the March 2024 ban", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f2e59d56bc88e6a2" ], "supportNote": "The Hindu of 26 March 2024 reports 22 families fined for using potable water for non-essential purposes, with 1.1 lakh rupees collected.", "caveat": "PressReader blocks automated retrieval, so this figure could not be read at source in this pass; it is the board's own count as reported, and no independent enforcement record has been published.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-19aa3fbaadc2bb50", "field": "impact", "text": "only one in five homes have rainwater harvesting, the board sold 163.28 million litres of treated water in February 2025 and collected 59,28,839 rupees for it, and the smallest quantity it offers is 6,000 litres", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-77c7cc323cbe2bc0" ], "supportNote": "Citizen Matters, March 2025: only one in five homes have rainwater harvesting; per the board's own figures it sold 163.28 million litres of treated water in February that year and collected Rs 59,28,839; and the minimum purchase offered on its site is 6,000 litres.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-469144d59e1a538d", "field": "impact", "text": "commercial users are about 10% of connections and take around 41% of the Cauvery supply — against roughly 1.09 million consumers already metered mechanically at the tap", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-042d3bea339c911a" ], "supportNote": "NewsFirst Prime: the pilot targets commercial users, who account for approximately 10% of the city's water connections but consume around 41% of the Cauvery water supply; the board currently serves approximately 1.09 million consumers with 100% metering at the consumer end.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-8bbe528f1b068c40", "field": "lesson", "text": "A 2020 regulation makes internal water meters compulsory in every flat of an apartment block above a size threshold, but only from a date the state government never notified, with no penalty attached — and the regulation says in terms that those readings may not be used to calculate the board's bills", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f42ba52427b4dd22" ], "supportNote": "Citizen Matters: in May 2020 regulation 43-A was added to the board's Water Supply Regulations, 1965, requiring internal meters in buildings with three or more houses above stated plot sizes, to be done within a date notified by the state government; the regulation adds that readings of the internal meters shall not be used for calculating the board's bills, and it mentions no penalty for non-implementation.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-707f0d4af8f4555f", "field": "lesson", "text": "What is left to shape demand is prohibition: 5,000 rupees for washing a car, 500 a day for repeating it, and up to half the supply cut off", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-36dc97506988238d", "src-b9287efe5323ac57" ], "supportNote": "The Hans India: the prohibition runs under Sections 33 and 34 of the 1964 Act with a 5,000-rupee fine under Section 109 and 500 rupees a day for repeat violations, and non-compliance with the aerator order can cost up to 50 per cent of supply under Section 53. Deccan Chronicle reports the same penalties.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7848fb8d4eba9628", "field": "lesson", "text": "Since 2016 apartments above twenty units on the sewer network have had to build their own treatment plant or pay a levy of a quarter and then half of the monthly bill, and by December that year around 1,900 of the 3,348 such blocks had been billed the levy", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-fa59a583b4d5c55c" ], "supportNote": "Citizen Matters, December 2016: the March 2016 amendment levies 25% of the monthly water bill for the first three months and then 50% until compliance, and around 1,900 of the total 3,348 apartments of 20 units or more on the board's network had been billed by then.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-b226c963db4b421d", "field": "lesson", "text": "the city draws about 1,372 million litres a day of groundwater on top of 1,460 from the Cauvery, against natural recharge estimated as low as 148", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-0f289ead7822d1c9" ], "supportNote": "The EGU Hydrological Sciences blog, citing the Urban Water Balance report: the city consumes an estimated 1,372 million litres per day of groundwater in addition to 1,460 MLD from the Cauvery, while natural recharge through lakes and green spaces is as low as 148 MLD.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-26ae6b0a90a6cb0d", "title": "Down To Earth — water board announces 20% cut to bulk consumers (12 Mar 2024)", "url": "https://www.downtoearth.org.in/water/bengaluru-water-crisis-bwssb-announces-20-water-cut-to-bulk-consumers-identifies-areas-bearing-the-brunt-94973", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "downtoearth.org.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-2b0b05efacc746dd" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-03-12", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Carries the 20% supply cut to bulk users from 15 March 2024, the affected areas, and the 5,000-rupee penalty for using drinking water to wash cars or water gardens.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f2e59d56bc88e6a2", "title": "The Hindu via PressReader — 22 families fined for using potable water for non-essential purposes (26 Mar 2024)", "url": "https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu-international-9BN2/20240326/281655375073531", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "pressreader.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-c0bafe0f089fcc90" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-03-26", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Source of the impact figure: 1.1 lakh rupees collected from 22 households. Direct fetch blocked; article existence and content verified by search, and the same count appears in a second outlet of the same date. The number originates with the water board itself.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-77c7cc323cbe2bc0", "title": "Citizen Matters — Why citizens are struggling to follow the water board order (25 Mar 2025)", "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/bengalurus-looming-water-crisis-why-citizens-are-struggling-to-follow-the-bwssb-order/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "citizenmatters.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-2b0b05efacc746dd", "clm-19aa3fbaadc2bb50" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2025-03-25", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The honest counterweight and the fine structure. Reports that most households lack the dual piping needed to substitute treated water, that the previous year's commercial aerator mandate was largely unimplemented, and that only about one in five homes has rainwater harvesting.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-b9287efe5323ac57", "title": "Deccan Chronicle — Water board bans drinking water use for pools (5 Jul 2026)", "url": "https://www.deccanchronicle.com/southern-states/karnataka/bengaluru-water-board-bans-drinking-water-use-for-pools-rs-5000-fine-for-violations-1968539", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "deccanchronicle.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a2dbfc295fc82192", "clm-707f0d4af8f4555f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-07-05", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Currency check: pool-filling ban, mandatory aerators, treated or recycled water required for vehicle washing, gardening and construction; fines and up to a 50% supply cut.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-36dc97506988238d", "title": "The Hans India — Citizens' cooperation key as groundwater levels decline (6 Jul 2026)", "url": "https://www.thehansindia.com/news/cities/bengaluru/citizens-cooperation-key-as-groundwater-levels-decline-in-city-bwssb-1094243", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "thehansindia.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a2dbfc295fc82192", "clm-707f0d4af8f4555f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2026-07-06", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Second independent confirmation of the July 2026 order, with the 31 July 2026 aerator deadline and the covered categories.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-4c40349b1d74df2e", "title": "The Hindu via PressReader — aerator deadline extended till April 7 (31 Mar 2024)", "url": "https://www.pressreader.com/india/the-hindu-bangalore-9WW1/20240331/281595245541303", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "pressreader.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-1441b7fdee1d27f8" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-03-31", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Evidence that deadlines slip: the 2024 aerator deadline was extended twice before the mandate was reissued in 2026. Direct fetch blocked; headline and outlet verified by search.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f42ba52427b4dd22", "title": "Citizen Matters — water board to push internal metering, apartments not ready", "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/bwssb-water-meter-policy-apartments-penalty/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "citizenmatters.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-8bbe528f1b068c40" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2021-07-28", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The metering reality check: a 2020 regulation requires internal per-flat meters, but only within a date the state government never notified, and an official confirms the regulations carry no penalty for non-implementation.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-042d3bea339c911a", "title": "NewsFirst Prime — Bengaluru to pilot AI-enabled smart water meters (3 Dec 2024)", "url": "https://newsfirstprime.com/bengaluru-to-pilot-ai-enabled-smart-water-meters-to-combat-revenue-loss/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "newsfirstprime.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-4af879d2cbfc8aa7", "clm-469144d59e1a538d" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-12-03", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Phase 1 is 2,000 meters for bulk consumers on a rental model, expandable to about 98,000 connections. Announcement stage — no deadline, no mandate.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-fa59a583b4d5c55c", "title": "Citizen Matters — sewage treatment rules for apartments (23 Dec 2016)", "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/bwssb-kspcb-stp-sewage-treatment-rules-apartments-bengaluru-news/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "citizenmatters.in", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-95c0485b252fb988", "clm-7848fb8d4eba9628" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2016-12-23", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Source for the reuse mandate and its contested history, the penal tariff for non-compliance, and the criticism that the rule loads the burden onto apartment residents.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-0f289ead7822d1c9", "title": "EGU Hydrological Sciences blog — The water crisis in Bengaluru and the degradation of its lake system (2 Apr 2024)", "url": "https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/hs/2024/04/02/water-crisis-bengaluru/", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "blogs.egu.eu", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-b226c963db4b421d" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2024-04-02", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Independent structural context by a hydrogeologist: the collapse in the number of water bodies and in storage capacity, and groundwater extraction far above natural recharge. An expert compilation citing secondary reports, not primary measurement.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 12, "claimsMapped": 12, "sourcesTotal": 10, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 10, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 10, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }