{
 "schemaVersion": "1.0.0",
 "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0",
 "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z",
 "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.",
 "entity": {
  "type": "project",
  "id": "bangalore-flood-early-warning",
  "title": "Bengaluru Urban Flood Early-Warning Network",
  "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bangalore-flood-early-warning/"
 },
 "currentRevisionId": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
 "revisions": [
  {
   "id": "2026-08-27-claims-and-sources",
   "createdAt": "2026-08-27T01:42:12Z",
   "effectiveAt": "2026-07-26",
   "changeType": "baseline",
   "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 8 claims and 5 source dossiers.",
   "preparedBy": {
    "type": "automation",
    "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation",
    "humanApproved": false
   },
   "review": {
    "status": "unreviewed",
    "by": null,
    "date": null,
    "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither."
   },
   "changes": [
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/evidencePassport",
     "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers."
    },
    {
     "operation": "add",
     "path": "/revisionHistory",
     "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision."
    }
   ],
   "snapshotHash": "sha256:5c426c7459363253b87148c6f2bfe37843476d620c50d6558db0424295b8a27f",
   "snapshot": {
    "asOf": "2026-07-26",
    "projectFingerprint": "sha256:0270cdf987d825cd4c6c5c0520599554b873df2766d6dfad4bd77b341f8f0e40",
    "assurance": {
     "status": "unreviewed",
     "scope": "evidence-passport-revision",
     "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.",
     "machineChecks": [
      "schema",
      "publication-diff-contract",
      "material-project-fingerprint",
      "claim-text-drift",
      "source-reference-resolution",
      "complete-source-dossier",
      "snapshot-hash"
     ]
    },
    "projectState": {
     "status": "live",
     "outcome": "ongoing",
     "evidenceGrade": "media",
     "timeline": {
      "started": 2020,
      "ended": null
     }
    },
    "governance": {
     "operator": "Karnataka State Natural Disaster Monitoring Centre with IISc Bangalore; alerts routed to the municipal corporation",
     "actorTypes": [
      "regional-government",
      "research"
     ],
     "fundingModel": "public",
     "fundingDescription": null,
     "cost": null,
     "ownership": null,
     "decisionRights": null,
     "exitConditions": null
    },
    "claims": [
     {
      "id": "clm-bf835c6e9056c623",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "about 100 telemetric rain gauges reporting every 15 minutes, 12 weather stations",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44",
       "src-601c9b2de20ced33"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The 2025 field report lists 100 telemetric rain gauge stations collecting rain volume every 15 minutes and 12 telemetric weather stations; the 2020 launch report describes the same 100 gauges as installed and maintained by KSNDMC under the Urban Flood Model project.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-dd08c7757783d80c",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "105 radar water-level sensors bolted to the retaining walls of storm-water drains at the 201 flood-prone spots the two agencies mapped, with IP cameras beside them to tell whether a reading means water or floating rubbish",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report describes 105 telemetric water-level sensors fixed to the retaining walls of primary and secondary storm-water drains in low-lying areas, using radar-based technology, with IP cameras also placed in the drains to monitor mixed solid waste; the sensors show an error when solid waste floats under them and the cameras are used to identify the cause.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-30d1aa562a927337",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "were declared fully operational in 2021",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report states that the disaster monitoring centre started developing urban flood early warning and preparedness measures in 2018 and made these fully operational in 2021.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-f2055f572549f9c6",
      "field": "snippet",
      "text": "the drains hold roughly 80 mm of rain, so the network helps crews position for rescue more than it prevents flooding",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "An assistant executive engineer in the corporation's storm-water drain department is quoted saying the drains are built to hold a maximum of 80 mm of rainfall, that beyond that it will flood regardless, and that they can then only focus on rescue and management.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-57ac62e9693871f0",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "A sensor at 80% of drain depth is a red alert, and the centre and the corporation then position the responding departments for rescue and evacuation, with zonal offices and executive engineers meant to be told 6-8 hours ahead",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report gives the colour codes as yellow at 25% or less, orange at 50% and red at 80%, states that as soon as a drain reaches 80% both agencies alert all stakeholder departments to be positioned for rescue and evacuation, and adds that alerts are supposed to reach the zonal office and executive engineers 6-8 hours in advance.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-a97676e5cd2950d4",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "in February 2025 sensors read 80% in the Nagarbhavi drain during only mild rain, the IP cameras showed the cause was a blockage, and crews cleared it before the area flooded",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report gives this example: 'this February' the water-level sensors detected 80% water in the Nagarbhavi rajakaluve during mild rainfall because the drain was blocked with garbage, and the alert enabled zonal officers to clear it before the area flooded.",
      "caveat": "The report says 'this February' and was published on 25 July 2025; the year is read from that, not stated in the source.",
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-303be5d7441ca8fe",
      "field": "impact",
      "text": "the two apps drew about 10,000 downloads in five years, on the account of a hydrologist at WELL Labs",
      "statementKind": "quantitative",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report quotes Shashank Palur, senior hydrologist at WELL Labs: the apps have only about 10,000 downloads within five years of launch.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "clm-93c3b4400bd746db",
      "field": "lesson",
      "text": "a residents' association member on a drain that has sensors says the people living beside it neither know about them nor receive alerts",
      "statementKind": "descriptive",
      "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record",
      "mappingStatus": "mapped",
      "sourceRefs": [
       "src-45760b34df4f6d44"
      ],
      "supportNote": "The report quotes Raghu Rajagopal of the Koramangala 4th Block Residents' Welfare Association saying that people living close to the drains with the flood alert system are neither aware of them nor receive alerts.",
      "caveat": null,
      "interpretation": {
       "added": false,
       "interpolation": false,
       "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion."
      }
     }
    ],
    "sources": [
     {
      "id": "src-45760b34df4f6d44",
      "title": "Citizen Matters — Bengaluru's flood alert system: good for rescue, not prevention",
      "url": "https://citizenmatters.in/bengalurus-flood-alert-system-good-for-rescue-not-prevention/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "citizenmatters.in",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-bf835c6e9056c623",
       "clm-dd08c7757783d80c",
       "clm-30d1aa562a927337",
       "clm-f2055f572549f9c6",
       "clm-57ac62e9693871f0",
       "clm-a97676e5cd2950d4",
       "clm-303be5d7441ca8fe",
       "clm-93c3b4400bd746db"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2025-07-25",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Field report: 100 telemetric rain gauges every 15 minutes, 12 weather stations, 105 radar water-level sensors on drain retaining walls with IP cameras beside them, 201 flood-prone areas mapped, development from 2018 and fully operational in 2021; colour codes at 25/50/80% of drain depth; alerts to zonal offices 6-8 hours ahead; drains built for about 80 mm of rain; a blocked drain in Nagarbhavi cleared before it flooded; about 10,000 app downloads in five years.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-601c9b2de20ced33",
      "title": "The News Minute — Govt launches two apps for real-time rainfall and urban flooding info",
      "url": "https://www.thenewsminute.com/karnataka/govt-launches-two-apps-give-real-time-info-rainfall-urban-flooding-bengaluru-126047",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "thenewsminute.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "claim-evidence",
      "claimRefs": [
       "clm-bf835c6e9056c623"
      ],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2020-06-07",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Launch of the two public apps on 7 June 2020, built by KSNDMC with the Indian Institute of Science under the Urban Flood Model project, drawing on 100 telemetric rain gauges installed and maintained by KSNDMC.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-63b8d6228e9e55e4",
      "title": "IISc Bangalore — Urban Flood Model for Bangalore City (project partner)",
      "url": "https://sites.google.com/site/urbanfloodmodelbangalore/ab",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "sites.google.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": null,
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "record-date-only"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Academic partner's own project page for the Urban Flood Model for Bangalore City.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-d95956d8a2ffed10",
      "title": "OpenCity — What rainfall data says about Bengaluru's rainfall patterns",
      "url": "https://opencity.in/what-does-the-rainfall-data-from-ksndmc-say-about-bengaluru-rainfall-patterns/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "opencity.in",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-10-21",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Analysis of published KSNDMC data: 180 automated weather stations across Bengaluru Urban and 17 in Bengaluru Rural; taluk-level data public since 2017, hobli-level only since 2020.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     },
     {
      "id": "src-ac218f342816f158",
      "title": "Mongabay India — As Bengaluru loses lakes and green cover, urban floods take a toll",
      "url": "https://india.mongabay.com/2022/09/bengaluru-floods/",
      "publisher": {
       "name": null,
       "domain": "india.mongabay.com",
       "classification": "not-classified"
      },
      "sourceType": "web-page",
      "language": "und",
      "role": "background",
      "claimRefs": [],
      "temporal": {
       "publishedAt": "2022-09-23",
       "updatedAt": null,
       "sourceCheckedAt": null,
       "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-07-26",
       "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-08-28",
       "retrievedAt": null,
       "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded"
      },
      "locator": {
       "type": "descriptive-source-note",
       "value": "Counterweight on the September 2022 floods: 131.6 mm of rain breaking the records of the previous 34 years, and a disaster risk map counting 134 flood-prone points in the city.",
       "exact": false
      },
      "preservation": {
       "archiveUrl": null,
       "archivedAt": null,
       "contentHash": null,
       "status": "not-captured"
      }
     }
    ],
    "coverage": {
     "claimsTotal": 8,
     "claimsMapped": 8,
     "sourcesTotal": 5,
     "sourcesUsedByClaims": 2,
     "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 4,
     "sourcesWithArchive": 0,
     "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0,
     "sourcesWithContentHash": 0
    },
    "limits": [
     "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.",
     "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.",
     "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.",
     "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim."
    ]
   }
  }
 ]
}