{ "schemaVersion": "1.0.0", "constitutionVersion": "1.0.0", "createdAt": "2026-08-12T00:00:00Z", "description": "Append-only Evidence Passport records. Old revisions are immutable; corrections create a new revision and preserve the previous permalink.", "entity": { "type": "project", "id": "alba-iulia-smart-city-2018-pilot", "title": "Alba Iulia Smart City 2018: A Free Testbed for 45 Companies", "canonicalUrl": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/alba-iulia-smart-city-2018-pilot/" }, "currentRevisionId": "2026-11-05-baseline", "revisions": [ { "id": "2026-11-05-baseline", "createdAt": "2026-11-05T15:30:46Z", "effectiveAt": "2026-11-05", "changeType": "baseline", "summary": "Created the first structured Evidence Passport with 18 claims and 6 source dossiers.", "preparedBy": { "type": "automation", "label": "AI-assisted evidence preparation", "humanApproved": false }, "review": { "status": "unreviewed", "by": null, "date": null, "note": "Awaiting operator and domain-expert review; publication of this revision implies neither." }, "changes": [ { "operation": "add", "path": "/evidencePassport", "summary": "Added claim-level evidence mapping and source dossiers." }, { "operation": "add", "path": "/revisionHistory", "summary": "Established a permanent, hash-addressed baseline revision." } ], "snapshotHash": "sha256:70f0d14c0dfe8a5f76fd79e6edc035d2d18bf79fa176ff0c88b869c417b8db22", "snapshot": { "asOf": "2026-11-05", "projectFingerprint": "sha256:db861405c4774e6ca7a512f2933f7e76d801346b824cd64a3bc655a3b51280e5", "assurance": { "status": "unreviewed", "scope": "evidence-passport-revision", "statement": "AI-assisted structural preparation. This revision has not been reviewed by a human or subject-matter expert.", "machineChecks": [ "schema", "publication-diff-contract", "material-project-fingerprint", "claim-text-drift", "source-reference-resolution", "complete-source-dossier", "snapshot-hash" ] }, "projectState": { "status": "completed", "outcome": "scaled-back", "evidenceGrade": "peer-reviewed", "timeline": { "started": 2016, "ended": 2019 } }, "governance": { "operator": "Municipality of Alba Iulia (coordination, under a 2016 cooperation protocol with the Ministry of Communications and Information Society); each solution installed and run by a partner company, with Orange Romania as integrator of its own trials", "actorTypes": [ "city-government", "national-government", "private" ], "fundingModel": "private", "fundingDescription": "Stated by the city manager in February 2018 to cost the municipality nothing, with the partner companies' combined outlay at well over a million euros; in July 2018 the same official told a trade journal that 85% of the trials' funds came from the European Commission. No published accounts reconcile the two.", "cost": null, "ownership": null, "decisionRights": null, "exitConditions": null }, "claims": [ { "id": "clm-042e44fbaaef3e09", "field": "snippet", "text": "Alba Iulia Smart City 2018 opened the city to companies as a free testbed for the centenary of the 1918 union", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f4de1d29debd24ca", "src-d29e283248e49a58" ], "supportNote": "The study ties the trials to the centenary of the 1918 union; the city manager told Ziarul Financiar the pilot involved no cost to the municipality ('nu implică niciun fel de cost din partea municipalităţii').", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a7cae2a256e59181", "field": "snippet", "text": "It officially began on 2 December 2016 under a cooperation protocol with the Ministry of Communications", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-900e40321f4a9dca", "src-d29e283248e49a58" ], "supportNote": "Newsweek România gives the official start date; Ziarul Financiar's interview names the cooperation protocol with the Ministry of Communications and Information Society ('printr-un protocol de cooperare între Municipiul Alba Iulia şi Ministerul Comunicaţiilor').", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0768b1fa05d4b1ac", "field": "snippet", "text": "by the city's 2019 count it had agreed 100 solutions with 45 partner companies", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-900e40321f4a9dca" ], "supportNote": "The 2019 account counts 100 solutions agreed with 45 partner companies.", "caveat": "Earlier counts from the city and the press differ (more than 30 partners and 80 solutions in mid-2018); this is the count given as the pilot closed.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-b693c3e376517da9", "field": "snippet", "text": "a LoRaWAN network of six gateways covering the city", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-952f360e2e9db708", "src-87c6a849531e17d1" ], "supportNote": "Orange's communiqué says the LoRaWAN network covers the whole city through six gateways; Light Reading also counts six LoRa gateways.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-9945ad490e6f95a0", "field": "snippet", "text": "about 100 street lights with LoRa modules", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-87c6a849531e17d1" ], "supportNote": "Light Reading reports about 100 street lights fitted with LoRa modules for real-time monitoring.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-46eda9aa43fa6b60", "field": "snippet", "text": "air-quality monitors on 15 buses", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-87c6a849531e17d1" ], "supportNote": "Light Reading counts about 15 of the city's 80 buses with air-quality monitors.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-16a070c000521185", "field": "snippet", "text": "more than 228 Wi-Fi access points in the fortress and city", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-952f360e2e9db708" ], "supportNote": "Orange's communiqué counts more than 228 Wi-Fi access points in the fortress and the city, plus 15 on buses.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-a537186db3ad75c4", "field": "snippet", "text": "The city manager said in February 2018 that the pilot cost the municipality nothing, with the companies' outlay well over a million euros", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d29e283248e49a58" ], "supportNote": "Nicolaie Moldovan says the pilot involves no cost to the municipality, that the costs are borne by the private companies, and that the total is roughly well over a million euros.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-471c682a05a465b0", "field": "snippet", "text": "in July 2018 he told a trade journal that 85% of the trials' funds came from the European Commission", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-87c6a849531e17d1" ], "supportNote": "Light Reading quotes Moldovan saying 85% of the funds for the trials came from the European Commission, with Romanian authorities paying most of the rest.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-7e0c5b73ca1f165b", "field": "impact", "text": "Orange reported after the first year that its lighting control cut electricity use by 50–70%, depending on the intensity chosen for each pole", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-952f360e2e9db708" ], "supportNote": "Orange's communiqué gives savings of 50–70% in electricity consumption, depending on the intensity selected for each pole.", "caveat": "The vendor's own figure for its trial streets; no baseline or measurement method is published.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-e925b3b6bf2c0041", "field": "impact", "text": "about 8% of the city's 60,000 residents had used the bus Wi-Fi", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-952f360e2e9db708" ], "supportNote": "Orange's communiqué says about 8% of the 60,000 residents accessed the Wi-Fi on buses in almost a year.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-988cf215e55cb434", "field": "impact", "text": "In 2019 the city said more than 60% of the solutions had been implemented", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-900e40321f4a9dca" ], "supportNote": "The city's 2019 account says more than 60% of the solutions in the pilot were implemented and produced effects.", "caveat": "The city's own assessment; it does not say how many of these were still running after the trials ended.", "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-c44e4488d6a1e5d2", "field": "impact", "text": "moved into a post-pilot stage paid for by EU grants, among them a smart-lighting system with dispatching and the e-Alba Iulia app with beacons", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-900e40321f4a9dca" ], "supportNote": "The city describes a post-pilot stage financed by EU projects: the e-Alba Iulia platform with beacons under the administrative-capacity programme (POCA) and a smart-lighting system with dispatching and cloud monitoring under the regional programme (POR).", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-82dd43bb71e288ee", "field": "impact", "text": "In 2022 the city's own Wi-Fi procurement file said the free networks in town did not cover enough of it", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-9cf9d6582a3f6b85" ], "supportNote": "The WiFi4EU procurement documentation, as reported, says the free Wi-Fi networks provided by some institutions or operators do not cover a sufficient area for the community's needs.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-3a63c7783c2046c6", "field": "impact", "text": "A peer-reviewed study concluded that the current poor implementation of smart applications made Alba Iulia a digital city, not a smart one", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-f4de1d29debd24ca" ], "supportNote": "The study's abstract concludes that poor implementation of smart applications makes Alba Iulia a digital city rather than a smart city.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-0903fc8eae681ab9", "field": "lesson", "text": "During the trial Alba Iulia's city manager said the city could buy the services if maintenance costs are low, but did not yet know", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-87c6a849531e17d1" ], "supportNote": "Moldovan told reporters the public sector could buy the services after the trials if maintenance costs were low and there were no incidents, adding that the city did not know whether that was the right answer.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-cf8dcecb3d222511", "field": "lesson", "text": "What continued was what the city later bought through its own EU grant applications, above all street lighting", "statementKind": "descriptive", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-900e40321f4a9dca" ], "supportNote": "The city says the EU-funded regional-programme projects, including smart lighting with dispatching, concretely continue the pilot.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } }, { "id": "clm-2767d5b3873e947f", "field": "lesson", "text": "the same official described the pilot in February 2018 as costing the city nothing and in July 2018 as 85% funded by the European Commission", "statementKind": "quantitative", "textMode": "verbatim-from-project-record", "mappingStatus": "mapped", "sourceRefs": [ "src-d29e283248e49a58", "src-87c6a849531e17d1" ], "supportNote": "Ziarul Financiar (February 2018) quotes Moldovan saying the pilot involves no cost to the municipality; Light Reading (July 2018) quotes him saying 85% of the trials' funds came from the European Commission.", "caveat": null, "interpretation": { "added": false, "interpolation": false, "note": "The passport copies the published claim and its recorded source mapping without adding a conclusion." } } ], "sources": [ { "id": "src-900e40321f4a9dca", "title": "Newsweek România — Newsweek Smart City - Alba Iulia merge mai departe", "url": "https://newsweek.ro/tehnologie/newsweek-smart-city-alba-iulia-merge-mai-departe", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "newsweek.ro", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-a7cae2a256e59181", "clm-0768b1fa05d4b1ac", "clm-988cf215e55cb434", "clm-c44e4488d6a1e5d2", "clm-cf8dcecb3d222511" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2019-11-15", "updatedAt": "2019-11-25", "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "The city's account of the pilot as it closed: officially begun on 2 December 2016, 100 solutions agreed with 45 partner companies, more than 60% of them implemented, and a 'post-pilot' stage in which EU grants pay for follow-on projects, among them the e-Alba Iulia app with beacons under the administrative-capacity programme and a smart-lighting system with dispatching under the regional programme.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-d29e283248e49a58", "title": "Ziarul Financiar — Oraşul din România unde companiile investesc peste un milion de euro pentru a-l face smart city", "url": "https://www.zf.ro/constructii-imobiliare/orasul-din-romania-unde-companiile-investesc-peste-un-milion-de-euro-pentru-a-l-face-smart-city-17031778", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "zf.ro", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-042e44fbaaef3e09", "clm-a7cae2a256e59181", "clm-a537186db3ad75c4", "clm-2767d5b3873e947f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2018-02-25", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Interview (via Mediafax) with city manager Nicolaie Moldovan: the pilot started in 2016 under a cooperation protocol with the Ministry of Communications, involves no cost to the municipality, and the companies' combined outlay is 'well over a million euros'; the pilot was due to end at the end of 2018.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-87c6a849531e17d1", "title": "Light Reading — Smart Cities: Orange Sticks Its Neck Out on Transylvanian Testbed", "url": "https://www.lightreading.com/iot/smart-cities-orange-sticks-its-neck-out-on-transylvanian-testbed", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "lightreading.com", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-b693c3e376517da9", "clm-9945ad490e6f95a0", "clm-46eda9aa43fa6b60", "clm-471c682a05a465b0", "clm-0903fc8eae681ab9", "clm-2767d5b3873e947f" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2018-07-11", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Trade-press report from a press visit: Orange uses six LoRa gateways, about 100 street lights carry LoRa modules, about 15 of the city's 80 buses carry air-quality monitors and Wi-Fi; the city manager says 85% of the trials' funds came from the European Commission and that the city could buy the services afterwards 'if maintenance costs are low'.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-952f360e2e9db708", "title": "Bursa — Orange finalizează prima etapă a proiectului-pilot smart city de la Alba Iulia", "url": "https://www.bursa.ro/orange-finalizeaza-prima-etapa-a-proiectului-pilot-smart-city-de-la-alba-iulia-27882331", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "bursa.ro", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-b693c3e376517da9", "clm-16a070c000521185", "clm-7e0c5b73ca1f165b", "clm-e925b3b6bf2c0041" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2017-10-11", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Report of Orange Romania's communiqué on the first year of its part of the pilot: LoRaWAN with six gateways covering the city, more than 228 Wi-Fi access points in the fortress and city, about 8% of the 60,000 residents using the bus Wi-Fi, and lighting savings of 50–70% depending on the intensity chosen for each pole.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-f4de1d29debd24ca", "title": "Journal of Urban History — Celebrating the Great Union through Smart Digital Solutions: Lessons from Alba Iulia, Romania", "url": "https://doi.org/10.1177/0096144220940713", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "doi.org", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-042e44fbaaef3e09", "clm-3a63c7783c2046c6" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2020-07-16", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Peer-reviewed study (Nicula, Boțan, Gligor, Cociș) that maps the centenary's 100 smart digital projects and concludes that the current poor implementation of smart applications makes Alba Iulia a digital city rather than a smart one. Print issue: vol. 48(2), March 2022.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } }, { "id": "src-9cf9d6582a3f6b85", "title": "Alba24 — Internet gratis prin rețea WiFi în mai multe locații din municipiul Alba Iulia (WiFi4EU procurement)", "url": "https://alba24.ro/internet-gratis-prin-retea-wifi-in-mai-multe-locatii-din-municipiul-alba-iulia-primaria-a-inceput-procedura-de-achizitie-918698.html", "publisher": { "name": null, "domain": "alba24.ro", "classification": "not-classified" }, "sourceType": "web-page", "language": "und", "role": "claim-evidence", "claimRefs": [ "clm-82dd43bb71e288ee" ], "temporal": { "publishedAt": "2022-05-16", "updatedAt": null, "sourceCheckedAt": null, "recordLastVerifiedAt": "2026-11-05", "dossierCreatedAt": "2026-11-05", "retrievedAt": null, "status": "publication-and-record-dates-recorded" }, "locator": { "type": "descriptive-source-note", "value": "Local press on the city's WiFi4EU procurement (a 15,000-euro EU voucher): the procurement file says the free Wi-Fi networks in Alba Iulia, run by some institutions or internet operators, do not cover a sufficient area for the community's needs.", "exact": false }, "preservation": { "archiveUrl": null, "archivedAt": null, "contentHash": null, "status": "not-captured" } } ], "coverage": { "claimsTotal": 18, "claimsMapped": 18, "sourcesTotal": 6, "sourcesUsedByClaims": 6, "sourcesWithPublicationDate": 6, "sourcesWithArchive": 0, "sourcesWithExactLocator": 0, "sourcesWithContentHash": 0 }, "limits": [ "Publisher names and source languages have not yet been classified; domains are recorded without guessing.", "Existing source notes are descriptive locators, not page- or paragraph-exact citations.", "A missing archive, publication date or content hash is shown as null rather than inferred.", "The project-level evidence grade ranks the strongest source in the entry; it is not a truth score for every claim." ] } } ] }