{
 "generated": "2026-08-28",
 "brief": {
  "id": "how-long-before-it-stops",
  "question": "How long does a smart-city project run before it stops?",
  "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/briefs/how-long-a-smart-city-project-runs/"
 },
 "license": "CC BY 4.0",
 "method": "One row per published entry that states a start year, an end year and a terminal outcome. Entries still running are excluded because their length is not yet a fact; three ongoing entries carry a planned end date and are excluded for the same reason.",
 "count": 90,
 "entries": [
  {
   "id": "superblock-poblenou",
   "title": "Superblock Poblenou",
   "city": "Barcelona",
   "country": "🇪🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/superblock-poblenou/"
  },
  {
   "id": "green-axes-eixample",
   "title": "Green Axes Eixample",
   "city": "Barcelona",
   "country": "🇪🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2022,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/green-axes-eixample/"
  },
  {
   "id": "helsinki-kalasatama",
   "title": "Smart Kalasatama",
   "city": "Helsinki",
   "country": "🇫🇮",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2013,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/helsinki-kalasatama/"
  },
  {
   "id": "stockholm-growsmarter",
   "title": "GrowSmarter",
   "city": "Stockholm",
   "country": "🇸🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/stockholm-growsmarter/"
  },
  {
   "id": "hamburg-diesel-driving-ban",
   "title": "Diesel Driving Ban on Max-Brauer-Allee & Stresemannstraße",
   "city": "Hamburg",
   "country": "🇩🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/hamburg-diesel-driving-ban/"
  },
  {
   "id": "munich-smarter-together",
   "title": "Smarter Together Munich",
   "city": "Munich",
   "country": "🇩🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/munich-smarter-together/"
  },
  {
   "id": "santander-smart",
   "title": "SmartSantander",
   "city": "Santander",
   "country": "🇪🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2010,
   "yearEnd": 2013,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/santander-smart/"
  },
  {
   "id": "trondheim-cityxchange",
   "title": "+CityxChange",
   "city": "Trondheim",
   "country": "🇳🇴",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/trondheim-cityxchange/"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbus-smart",
   "title": "Smart Columbus",
   "city": "Columbus",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/columbus-smart/"
  },
  {
   "id": "chicago-array-of-things",
   "title": "Array of Things",
   "city": "Chicago",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/chicago-array-of-things/"
  },
  {
   "id": "buenos-aires-ba-elige",
   "title": "BA Elige: Buenos Aires's Online Participatory Budget",
   "city": "Buenos Aires",
   "country": "🇦🇷",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/buenos-aires-ba-elige/"
  },
  {
   "id": "cape-town-day-zero",
   "title": "Day Zero: Cape Town's Drought Demand Management",
   "city": "Cape Town",
   "country": "🇿🇦",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/cape-town-day-zero/"
  },
  {
   "id": "toronto-quayside",
   "title": "Sidewalk Toronto (Quayside)",
   "city": "Toronto",
   "country": "🇨🇦",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/toronto-quayside/"
  },
  {
   "id": "planit-valley",
   "title": "PlanIT Valley",
   "city": "Paredes",
   "country": "🇵🇹",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2008,
   "yearEnd": 2016,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/planit-valley/"
  },
  {
   "id": "cologne-klimastrasse-nippes",
   "title": "Klimastraße Cologne-Nippes",
   "city": "Cologne",
   "country": "🇩🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2012,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 12,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/cologne-klimastrasse-nippes/"
  },
  {
   "id": "new-clark-city-transit",
   "title": "Autonomous Electric Transit & Smart Poles",
   "city": "New Clark City",
   "country": "🇵🇭",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2024,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/new-clark-city-transit/"
  },
  {
   "id": "milan-smart-lighting",
   "title": "Milan Citywide LED Public Lighting Retrofit",
   "city": "Milan",
   "country": "🇮🇹",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2014,
   "yearEnd": 2015,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/milan-smart-lighting/"
  },
  {
   "id": "bamako-digital-urbanism",
   "title": "OpenStreetMap Bamako Decentralized Mapping",
   "city": "Bamako",
   "country": "🇲🇱",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bamako-digital-urbanism/"
  },
  {
   "id": "algiers-smart-traffic",
   "title": "Algiers Intelligent Traffic Management",
   "city": "Algiers",
   "country": "🇩🇿",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/algiers-smart-traffic/"
  },
  {
   "id": "accra-open-transit",
   "title": "AccraMobile: Mapping the Trotro Network",
   "city": "Accra",
   "country": "🇬🇭",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2017,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/accra-open-transit/"
  },
  {
   "id": "montevideo-neighborhood-portal",
   "title": "Por mi Barrio Citizen Reporting Platform",
   "city": "Montevideo",
   "country": "🇺🇾",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2014,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/montevideo-neighborhood-portal/"
  },
  {
   "id": "austin-smart-grid",
   "title": "Austin Energy SHINES: Solar-Storage Grid Management Pilot",
   "city": "Austin",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/austin-smart-grid/"
  },
  {
   "id": "boston-street-bump",
   "title": "Street Bump Road Defect App",
   "city": "Boston",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2011,
   "yearEnd": 2014,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/boston-street-bump/"
  },
  {
   "id": "havana-digital-mapping",
   "title": "Old Havana OpenStreetMap Mapping Sprint",
   "city": "Havana",
   "country": "🇨🇺",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2016,
   "years": 0,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/havana-digital-mapping/"
  },
  {
   "id": "delhi-ev-policy-charging",
   "title": "Delhi EV Policy & Discom-Tendered Public Charging",
   "city": "New Delhi",
   "country": "🇮🇳",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2026,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/delhi-ev-policy-charging/"
  },
  {
   "id": "delhi-doorstep-delivery",
   "title": "Doorstep Delivery of Public Services",
   "city": "New Delhi",
   "country": "🇮🇳",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/delhi-doorstep-delivery/"
  },
  {
   "id": "dhaka-traffic-control",
   "title": "CASE Traffic Signal Automation",
   "city": "Dhaka",
   "country": "🇧🇩",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2012,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 11,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dhaka-traffic-control/"
  },
  {
   "id": "manaus-mapa-de-manaus-cadastre",
   "title": "Mapa de Manaus: Resurveying a Property Register Frozen Since 2010",
   "city": "Manaus",
   "country": "🇧🇷",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2019,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/manaus-mapa-de-manaus-cadastre/"
  },
  {
   "id": "toronto-automated-speed-enforcement",
   "title": "Toronto Automated Speed Enforcement (abolished by the province)",
   "city": "Toronto",
   "country": "🇨🇦",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/toronto-automated-speed-enforcement/"
  },
  {
   "id": "dubai-autonomous-pod-shuttle-trials",
   "title": "RTA's Autonomous Pod & Shuttle Trials",
   "city": "Dubai",
   "country": "🇦🇪",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 0,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dubai-autonomous-pod-shuttle-trials/"
  },
  {
   "id": "dubai-rta-smart-parking",
   "title": "RTA Smart Parking: Sensor-Guided Vacant-Space Finder",
   "city": "Dubai",
   "country": "🇦🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dubai-rta-smart-parking/"
  },
  {
   "id": "vienna-kultur-token",
   "title": "Kultur-Token",
   "city": "Vienna",
   "country": "🇦🇹",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/vienna-kultur-token/"
  },
  {
   "id": "london-sharing-cities-greenwich",
   "title": "Sharing Cities — Greenwich Smart District",
   "city": "London",
   "country": "🇬🇧",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/london-sharing-cities-greenwich/"
  },
  {
   "id": "paris-autolib",
   "title": "Autolib' Electric Car-Sharing",
   "city": "Paris",
   "country": "🇫🇷",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2011,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 7,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/paris-autolib/"
  },
  {
   "id": "singapore-virtual-singapore",
   "title": "Virtual Singapore: National 3D City Model and Digital Twin",
   "city": "Singapore",
   "country": "🇸🇬",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2014,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/singapore-virtual-singapore/"
  },
  {
   "id": "la-predictive-policing",
   "title": "Operation LASER & PredPol — Predictive Policing",
   "city": "Los Angeles",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2011,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 9,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/la-predictive-policing/"
  },
  {
   "id": "la-shakealert-app",
   "title": "ShakeAlertLA — the City's Earthquake Warning App",
   "city": "Los Angeles",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/la-shakealert-app/"
  },
  {
   "id": "chicago-shotspotter",
   "title": "ShotSpotter Acoustic Gunshot Detection",
   "city": "Chicago",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2012,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 12,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/chicago-shotspotter/"
  },
  {
   "id": "barcelona-apparkb-parking",
   "title": "ApparkB Regulated Parking Payment & Prediction",
   "city": "Barcelona",
   "country": "🇪🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2013,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/barcelona-apparkb-parking/"
  },
  {
   "id": "bogota-water-rationing",
   "title": "Bogotá's 2024–25 Rotating Water Rationing",
   "city": "Bogotá",
   "country": "🇨🇴",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2024,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bogota-water-rationing/"
  },
  {
   "id": "wellington-smartpark-parking",
   "title": "SmartPark — CBD In-Ground Parking Sensor Network",
   "city": "Wellington",
   "country": "🇳🇿",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/wellington-smartpark-parking/"
  },
  {
   "id": "singapore-tracetogether",
   "title": "TraceTogether & SafeEntry Digital Contact Tracing",
   "city": "Singapore",
   "country": "🇸🇬",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/singapore-tracetogether/"
  },
  {
   "id": "baghdad-wash-smart-meters",
   "title": "WASH Smart City Initiative — Al Mansour water-meter pilot",
   "city": "Baghdad",
   "country": "🇮🇶",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/baghdad-wash-smart-meters/"
  },
  {
   "id": "dar-es-salaam-ramani-huria",
   "title": "Ramani Huria Community Flood Mapping",
   "city": "Dar es Salaam",
   "country": "🇹🇿",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dar-es-salaam-ramani-huria/"
  },
  {
   "id": "manila-ncap-enforcement",
   "title": "No-Contact Apprehension Policy Camera Enforcement",
   "city": "Manila",
   "country": "🇵🇭",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/manila-ncap-enforcement/"
  },
  {
   "id": "manila-gmma-risk-mapping",
   "title": "Greater Metro Manila Hazard and Exposure Mapping (GMMA READY)",
   "city": "Manila",
   "country": "🇵🇭",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2010,
   "yearEnd": 2015,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/manila-gmma-risk-mapping/"
  },
  {
   "id": "mumbai-water-distribution-improvement",
   "title": "Mumbai Water Distribution Improvement Programme",
   "city": "Mumbai",
   "country": "🇮🇳",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2014,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 7,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/mumbai-water-distribution-improvement/"
  },
  {
   "id": "miami-chief-heat-officer",
   "title": "Miami-Dade's Chief Heat Officer and Extreme Heat Action Plan",
   "city": "Miami",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2021,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/miami-chief-heat-officer/"
  },
  {
   "id": "osaka-metro-level4-expo-bus",
   "title": "Osaka Metro Level 4 Autonomous Expo Shuttle",
   "city": "Osaka",
   "country": "🇯🇵",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2025,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 0,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/osaka-metro-level4-expo-bus/"
  },
  {
   "id": "amsterdam-roboat",
   "title": "Roboat: Autonomous Canal Boats Research Program",
   "city": "Amsterdam",
   "country": "🇳🇱",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/amsterdam-roboat/"
  },
  {
   "id": "amsterdam-algorithm-register",
   "title": "Amsterdam Algorithm Register",
   "city": "Amsterdam",
   "country": "🇳🇱",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/amsterdam-algorithm-register/"
  },
  {
   "id": "amsterdam-buiksloterham-energy",
   "title": "Buiksloterham Positive Energy District (ATELIER)",
   "city": "Amsterdam",
   "country": "🇳🇱",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2019,
   "yearEnd": 2026,
   "years": 7,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/amsterdam-buiksloterham-energy/"
  },
  {
   "id": "copenhagen-city-data-exchange",
   "title": "City Data Exchange",
   "city": "Copenhagen",
   "country": "🇩🇰",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-city-data-exchange/"
  },
  {
   "id": "copenhagen-bycyklen-gps-bikeshare",
   "title": "Bycyklen: Tablet-and-GPS Bike-Share",
   "city": "Copenhagen",
   "country": "🇩🇰",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2014,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-bycyklen-gps-bikeshare/"
  },
  {
   "id": "copenhagen-energylab-nordhavn",
   "title": "EnergyLab Nordhavn Smart Energy District",
   "city": "Copenhagen",
   "country": "🇩🇰",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/copenhagen-energylab-nordhavn/"
  },
  {
   "id": "helsinki-whim-maas",
   "title": "Whim — Mobility-as-a-Service App",
   "city": "Helsinki",
   "country": "🇫🇮",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 8,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/helsinki-whim-maas/"
  },
  {
   "id": "helsinki-sohjoa-autonomous-shuttle",
   "title": "Sohjoa / Sohjoa Baltic Autonomous Minibus Pilots",
   "city": "Helsinki",
   "country": "🇫🇮",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/helsinki-sohjoa-autonomous-shuttle/"
  },
  {
   "id": "singapore-beeline-crowdsourced-bus",
   "title": "Beeline Crowd-Sourced Bus Platform",
   "city": "Singapore",
   "country": "🇸🇬",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/singapore-beeline-crowdsourced-bus/"
  },
  {
   "id": "singapore-lamppost-platform",
   "title": "Lamppost-as-a-Platform Sensor Trial",
   "city": "Singapore",
   "country": "🇸🇬",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/singapore-lamppost-platform/"
  },
  {
   "id": "barcelona-decode",
   "title": "DECODE — Citizen-Owned Data Ecosystem",
   "city": "Barcelona",
   "country": "🇪🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2019,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/barcelona-decode/"
  },
  {
   "id": "barcelona-fastprk-parking-sensors",
   "title": "Fastprk In-Ground Parking Sensors",
   "city": "Barcelona",
   "country": "🇪🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2011,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 9,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/barcelona-fastprk-parking-sensors/"
  },
  {
   "id": "incheon-mobis-level4-av-test",
   "title": "Hyundai Mobis Level 4 Autonomous Test Drives, Songdo–Yeongjongdo",
   "city": "Incheon",
   "country": "🇰🇷",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2024,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/incheon-mobis-level4-av-test/"
  },
  {
   "id": "stockholm-smart-energy-city",
   "title": "Smart Energy City: Real-Time Energy Monitoring in Norra Djurgårdsstaden",
   "city": "Stockholm",
   "country": "🇸🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/stockholm-smart-energy-city/"
  },
  {
   "id": "stockholm-barkarby-autonomous-bus",
   "title": "Autopiloten: Nobina's Driverless Bus Pilot, Kista to Barkarbystaden",
   "city": "Stockholm",
   "country": "🇸🇪",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2023,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/stockholm-barkarby-autonomous-bus/"
  },
  {
   "id": "zurich-autonomous-shuttle",
   "title": "VBZ «Self-e» Automated Shuttle Trial",
   "city": "Zürich",
   "country": "🇨🇭",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 0,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/zurich-autonomous-shuttle/"
  },
  {
   "id": "melbourne-shared-escooter-scheme",
   "title": "Shared E-Scooter Trial and Council Ban",
   "city": "Melbourne",
   "country": "🇦🇺",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2022,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/melbourne-shared-escooter-scheme/"
  },
  {
   "id": "accra-open-cities-mapping",
   "title": "Open Cities Accra - Community Flood-Risk Mapping into OpenStreetMap",
   "city": "Accra",
   "country": "🇬🇭",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/accra-open-cities-mapping/"
  },
  {
   "id": "chennai-smart-parking",
   "title": "GCC Smart Parking (Sensor & App-Based On-Street Parking)",
   "city": "Chennai",
   "country": "🇮🇳",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2019,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/chennai-smart-parking/"
  },
  {
   "id": "houston-bcycle",
   "title": "Houston BCycle Bike-Share (2012–2024)",
   "city": "Houston",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2012,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 12,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/houston-bcycle/"
  },
  {
   "id": "belo-horizonte-ilumina-led",
   "title": "ILUMINA BH: LED Streetlight PPP with Remote Telemanagement",
   "city": "Belo Horizonte",
   "country": "🇧🇷",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/belo-horizonte-ilumina-led/"
  },
  {
   "id": "belo-horizonte-op-digital",
   "title": "OP Digital: Belo Horizonte's Online Participatory Budget",
   "city": "Belo Horizonte",
   "country": "🇧🇷",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2006,
   "yearEnd": 2013,
   "years": 7,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/belo-horizonte-op-digital/"
  },
  {
   "id": "dallas-smart-cities-living-lab",
   "title": "West End Smart Cities Living Lab",
   "city": "Dallas",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/dallas-smart-cities-living-lab/"
  },
  {
   "id": "philadelphia-smartblockphl-sensors",
   "title": "SmartBlockPHL Sensor Streetlight Pilot",
   "city": "Philadelphia",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2021,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/philadelphia-smartblockphl-sensors/"
  },
  {
   "id": "hangzhou-health-code",
   "title": "Health Code (健康码) — Hangzhou's Pandemic Status QR",
   "city": "Hangzhou",
   "country": "🇨🇳",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/hangzhou-health-code/"
  },
  {
   "id": "manchester-cityverve",
   "title": "CityVerve IoT Smart City Demonstrator",
   "city": "Manchester",
   "country": "🇬🇧",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 2,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/manchester-cityverve/"
  },
  {
   "id": "bristol-is-open",
   "title": "Bristol Is Open — Programmable City Network Testbed",
   "city": "Bristol",
   "country": "🇬🇧",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2018,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bristol-is-open/"
  },
  {
   "id": "milton-keynes-mksmart-data-hub",
   "title": "MK:Smart Data Hub",
   "city": "Milton Keynes",
   "country": "🇬🇧",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2014,
   "yearEnd": 2017,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/milton-keynes-mksmart-data-hub/"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbus-linden-leap-shuttle",
   "title": "Linden LEAP Autonomous Shuttle Pilot",
   "city": "Columbus",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2020,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 1,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/columbus-linden-leap-shuttle/"
  },
  {
   "id": "columbus-smart-operating-system",
   "title": "Smart Columbus Operating System (Open Data Platform)",
   "city": "Columbus",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2018,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/columbus-smart-operating-system/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nyc-connected-vehicle-pilot",
   "title": "NYC Connected Vehicle (V2X) Pilot",
   "city": "New York City",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 5,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/nyc-connected-vehicle-pilot/"
  },
  {
   "id": "algiers-samasafia-air-monitoring",
   "title": "Samasafia Air Quality Monitoring Network",
   "city": "Algiers",
   "country": "🇩🇿",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2002,
   "yearEnd": 2009,
   "years": 7,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/algiers-samasafia-air-monitoring/"
  },
  {
   "id": "lisbon-participatory-budget",
   "title": "Orçamento Participativo de Lisboa (Lisbon Participatory Budget)",
   "city": "Lisbon",
   "country": "🇵🇹",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2008,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 13,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/lisbon-participatory-budget/"
  },
  {
   "id": "munich-mvg-rad-bikeshare",
   "title": "MVG Rad Bike-Share",
   "city": "Munich",
   "country": "🇩🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2015,
   "yearEnd": 2025,
   "years": 10,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/munich-mvg-rad-bikeshare/"
  },
  {
   "id": "hanoi-iparking",
   "title": "iParking: the Parking App That Never Controlled a Space",
   "city": "Hanoi",
   "country": "🇻🇳",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2017,
   "yearEnd": 2020,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/hanoi-iparking/"
  },
  {
   "id": "kuala-lumpur-itis-traffic-system",
   "title": "ITIS: The Traffic Camera Network Bought Twice",
   "city": "Kuala Lumpur",
   "country": "🇲🇾",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2005,
   "yearEnd": 2021,
   "years": 16,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/kuala-lumpur-itis-traffic-system/"
  },
  {
   "id": "yokohama-smart-city-project",
   "title": "Yokohama Smart City Project (YSCP)",
   "city": "Yokohama",
   "country": "🇯🇵",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2010,
   "yearEnd": 2014,
   "years": 4,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/yokohama-smart-city-project/"
  },
  {
   "id": "nyc-mycity-chatbot",
   "title": "The MyCity Chatbot: proven wrong in public, switched off two years later",
   "city": "New York City",
   "country": "🇺🇸",
   "outcome": "failed",
   "yearStart": 2023,
   "yearEnd": 2026,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/nyc-mycity-chatbot/"
  },
  {
   "id": "bristol-citizen-sensing",
   "title": "Damp Busters: Citizen-Built Damp Sensors",
   "city": "Bristol",
   "country": "🇬🇧",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2016,
   "years": 0,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/bristol-citizen-sensing/"
  },
  {
   "id": "tartu-smartovka-retrofit",
   "title": "SmartEnCity: the 'Smartovka' Retrofit of Soviet-Era Blocks",
   "city": "Tartu",
   "country": "🇪🇪",
   "outcome": "scaled-back",
   "yearStart": 2016,
   "yearEnd": 2022,
   "years": 6,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tartu-smartovka-retrofit/"
  },
  {
   "id": "tartu-self-driving-shuttle-pilots",
   "title": "Tartu Self-Driving Shuttle Pilots",
   "city": "Tartu",
   "country": "🇪🇪",
   "outcome": "succeeded",
   "yearStart": 2021,
   "yearEnd": 2024,
   "years": 3,
   "url": "https://1001smartcities.org/projects/tartu-self-driving-shuttle-pilots/"
  }
 ]
}